Feng Dao
Feng Dao
Feng Dao (882-954), whose name is Kedao, was born in Jingcheng, Yingzhou (now northwest Cangzhou, Hebei). He was a famous prime minister in the Five Dynasties. After five dynasties, Ten Kingdoms and ten kings, he was known as the "elder of ten dynasties".
In his early years, Feng Dao worked for Liu Shouguang, the king of Yan, and served in the four dynasties of later Tang, later Jin, later Han, and later Zhou. He successively served for Zhuangzong, Ming Zong, min emperor, late emperor, Emperor Gaozu, Emperor Chudi, Emperor Gaozu, Emperor Yindi, emperor Taizu, and Emperor Shizong in later Tang Dynasty. During that time, he was also a minister to Emperor Taizong of Liao Dynasty, and always served as a general, three gongs, and three teachers.
In April of the first year of Zhou Xiande (954), Feng Dao died of illness and was granted the title of King Ying, posthumous title Wenyi. Later historians despised him for his loyalty to the monarch. Ouyang Xiu called him "shameless", and Sima Guang even called him "the most treacherous minister". However, in the Five Dynasties period, he had the reputation of "all the people in the world are not virtuous and stupid, they all look up to the way as the elder, but like to be the Cheng reputation".
Overview image source: < / I >
Life of the characters
Early experience
Feng Dao was born in a farming and reading family. When he was young, he was honest, diligent, good at writing, and satisfied with poverty. In addition to supporting his parents, he only takes reading as a pleasure. Even if there is heavy snow and dust on the table, he can be as good as ever. During the reign of Tianyou, Feng Dao was granted the title of "Yi" by Liu Shouguang, the governor of Youzhou.
Join Zhuangzong
In the first year of Qianhua (911), Liu Shouguang led the army to fight against Dingzhou and asked his subordinates for advice. Feng Dao tried to persuade Liu Shouguang, angered him, and was put into prison. Fortunately, he was rescued and released. After Liu Shouguang's defeat, Feng Dao fled to Taiyuan and went to Li Cunxu, the king of Jin Dynasty. He was appointed inspector of the academy by Zhang Chengye. Zhang Chengye attached great importance to his writing conduct, treated him with great courtesy, and later recommended him to work in bafu. Later, Li Cunxu occupied Hebei Province and entrusted Feng Dao with all the official documents, appointing him as the Chief Secretary of Taiyuan.
In the first year of Tongguang (923), Li Cunxu called himself Emperor in yedU, which was Zhuangzong in the later Tang Dynasty. Feng Dao was awarded the title of "provincial Lang" and the title of "Hanlin Bachelor" and "Ziyi". After Zhuang Zong destroyed Liang, he was promoted to Zhongshu Sheren and Hubu Shilang. Later, Feng Dao left because of his father's death and returned to Jingcheng to keep filial piety. At that time, when his age was not good, he gave the rest of his salary to the villagers. However, he lived in a thatched shed and did not accept anything from the officials. At this time, Khitan was strong and wanted to plunder him to Khitan. However, Feng Daocai was spared because of the readiness of the frontier.
History of Tang and Jin Dynasties
In the first year of Tiancheng (926), when Feng Dao's funeral was over, he was called up as an academician and went to Luoyang. At this time, Li Siyuan was supported as emperor by the rebels in yedU and attacked Luoyang, the capital. Feng Daozheng went to bianzhou and rushed to Luoyang in spite of Kong Xun's dissuasion. In April, Emperor Zhuangzong of Tang Dynasty was killed in the mutiny, and Li Siyuan succeeded him as emperor mingzong of Tang Dynasty. Ming Zong knew the name of Feng Dao, and gave him the title of Duanming palace bachelor and army minister.
In the second year of Tiancheng (927), Feng Dao was worshipped as prime minister, serving as the Minister of Zhongshu and the Minister of tongzhongshu. He introduced and appointed the talented and poor scholars, but restrained the impetuous scholars. At that time, all the officials added insignia to Ming Zong, and all the memorials were drafted by Feng Dao. His articles are integrated, not a common vulgar style, and all the officials of the imperial court admire him. Later, Feng Dao was changed to be the servant of his family, the Minister of the Ministry of official affairs, and the grand Bachelor of the Hongwen Hall of Jixian hall. He was also awarded the minister Zuo pushe, and became the Duke of Pingjun.
In the first year of the Qing Dynasty (934), Li Congke, the king of Lu, rebelled in Fengxiang and attacked Luoyang. Later, Emperor Yu fled to Weizhou. Feng Dao led a hundred officials to open the city to welcome Li Congke, and embraced him as emperor, who was later the late Tang Dynasty. Three days later, he was killed. In May of the same year, at the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Emperor gave up the post of Prime Minister of Feng Dao and asked him to go out of Tongzhou and appoint him as the governor of Kuang's army. In 935, Feng Dao was called to be Sikong.
In the first year of Tianfu (936), Hedong Jiedu envoy Shi Jingtang colluded with Qidan to destroy the Tang Dynasty and establish the later Jin Dynasty. Feng Dao was once again worshipped as the prime minister, and was granted the title of minister and Minister of Tongzhong. In the second year of Tianfu (937), Yelu Deguang, the Khitan emperor, sent an envoy to Bianliang to add the title of emperor Gaozu of Jin Dynasty. The emperor Gaozu of Jin also presented the emblem for Yelu Deguang and sent Feng Dao as an envoy to Qidan.
In the fourth year of Tianfu (939), Feng Dao returned from Qidan. The emperor Gaozu of Jin abolished the Privy envoys, assigned the Privy Council to Zhongshu Province, entrusted the government affairs to Feng Dao, and granted him the title of Si Tu and concurrently Shi Zhong. Feng Dao went to Gaozu and asked to retire. Jin Gaozu didn't look at his watch, so he asked his nephew Shi Chonggui to visit him and said, "if you don't go to court tomorrow, I'll invite you in person." Feng Dao had no choice but to continue his post. At that time, no one in the Manchu Dynasty could match the favor and courtesy of the emperor Gaozu of Jin Dynasty to Feng Dao.
Return to the Han Dynasty
In 942, Emperor Gaozu of Jin Dynasty was seriously ill. When Feng Dao was alone, he ordered his young son Shi chongrui to kowtow to Feng Dao, and asked the eunuch to hold Shi chongrui in his arms, hoping that Feng Dao could help him ascend the throne. After the death of Gaozu, Feng Dao discussed with Jing Yanguang that "the country is difficult, it is appropriate to establish a long monarch" as an excuse to support the establishment of Shi Chonggui as the emperor, which is for the later Jin Dynasty. After the emperor ascended the throne, Feng Dao was granted the title of Taiwei and was granted the title of Duke of Yan.
In the first year of Kaiyun (944), some of the courtiers said in front of the emperor, "Feng Dao can only be the prime minister in peacetime, and can't rely on him to get through the difficult times, just like the monks in Zen can't use eagles and dogs!" Out of the emperor then granted Feng Dao as Kuang Guojun Jiedushi, let him out of the Town TongZhou. Later, Feng Dao moved to Nanyang and became the governor of Weisheng army.
In the 12th year of Tianfu (947), Yelu Deguang invaded Bianliang, the capital of Jin Dynasty, and destroyed later Jin Dynasty. Feng Dao went to court to see Yelv Deguang. Yelv Deguang asked, "how can the people in the world be saved?" Feng Dao replied: "at this time, the people can't be saved by the Buddha. Only the emperor can save them." Since then, the common people in the Central Plains have not been harmed, which is the result of the secret protection of Feng Dao and Zhao Yanshou. In February, Hedong Jiedu envoy Liu Zhiyuan declared himself Emperor in Taiyuan and established the later Han Dynasty as the ancestor of the later Han Dynasty.
In April of the same year, Yelv Deguang returned to Khitan in the north and ordered Feng Dao and other officials of the later Jin Dynasty to accompany him. Unexpectedly, Yelv Deguang died in Luancheng and killed Hulin. Yelv Ruan, king of Yongkang, took over the army and returned to Qidan to fight for the throne. Feng Dao and others were left in Zhenzhou. In August, the Han Army recaptured Zhenzhou and expelled garrison general Kerry of Khitan. Feng Dao and his colleagues appeased each other and took appropriate measures to deal with all kinds of affairs. In September, Feng Dao entered the Dynasty from Zhenzhou and attached himself to the later Han Dynasty.
In the first year of Qianyou's reign (948), Feng Dao was granted the title of grand master and participated in the court meeting in the name of "fengchaoyue". Later, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty died of illness, and the crown prince Liu Chengyou succeeded to the throne as the hidden emperor of the later Han Dynasty. Li ShouZhen, Zhao Siwan and Wang Jingchong, the envoys of Hezhong, Yongxing and Fengxiang, joined forces to rebel. The imperial court tried to punish the traitors many times. In August, Emperor Yin ordered General Guo Wei to spend his time fighting against the rebels. Before leaving, Guo Wei asked Feng Dao about his policy. Feng Dao said, "Li ShouZhen has won the hearts of the soldiers by relying on the old general of the imperial court. Don't cherish your belongings. If you give more rewards to the soldiers, you will be able to eliminate the advantages they rely on. " Guo Wei obeyed his advice and finally put down the rebellion.
In his old age, he entered the week
In the third year of Qianyou (950), Guo Wei attacked Bianliang in yedU, and the Han Emperor Yindi was killed. Guo Wei believed that the officials of the later Han Dynasty would support him to ascend the throne. When he saw Feng Dao, he bowed to him as usual. Feng Dao accepted the gift without any support. Knowing that it was not time for him to become emperor, Guo Wei threatened to establish Liu Fu as emperor, and sent Feng Dao to Xuzhou to meet him. Before Liu Fu arrived in Bianjing, Guo Wei was supported as emperor by soldiers in the military coup of Danzhou. The Empress Dowager of the later Han Dynasty appointed Guo Wei as the governor of the state, and abolished Liu Fu as the Duke of Xiangyin.
In the first year of Guangshun (951), Guo Wei succeeded to the throne and established the Later Zhou Dynasty as Taizu. Feng Dao was worshipped as Taishi and Zhongshu Ling. Zhou Taizu had great respect for Feng Dao and never called him by his first name when he met him. Soon after, Hedong Jiedu envoy Liu Chong (the father of Liu Fu) also became emperor in Taiyuan and established the northern Han Dynasty.
In the first year of Xiande (954), Zhou Taizu died of illness, and Chai Rong, his adopted son, succeeded to the throne. Liu Chong took the opportunity to attack the Shangdang. When Zhou Shizong wanted to fight in person, Feng Dao tried his best to admonish him. Shizong said: "in the past, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty pacified the world by going out to battle in person." Feng Daodao said, "Your Majesty can't compare with Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty." Shizong also said: "the Han army is a mob. If you meet our army, it's like Taishan." Feng Dao still said, "Your Majesty is not Mount Tai." Shizong was furious.
In March of the same year, Zhou Shizong personally went to the northern Han Dynasty and refused to let Feng Dao accompany him. He was ordered to be the mausoleum envoy of emperor Taizu and preside over the funeral of emperor Taizu. Soon, Zhou Shizong defeated the northern Han Dynasty in the battle of Gaoping. In April, Taizu of Zhou Dynasty was buried in Songling. Before he had time to sacrifice to Taimiao, Feng Dao died on the 17th. He was 73 years old. Zhou Shizong heard that the dynasty was abolished for three days, and the book was given to Shangshu. He was granted the title of King Ying and posthumous Wenyi.
Main achievements
Feng Dao once presided over Guozijian's stereotyped printing of Jiujing, which is the first time in Chinese history to print a series of books on a large scale with official financial resources.
In the third year of Changxing in the late Tang Dynasty (932), Feng daozou invited emperor mingzong of Tang Dynasty to carve and print the Confucian nine classics on the basis of Kaicheng stone scriptures of Tang Dynasty, which was approved by Emperor mingzong of Ming Dynasty and began to be printed in that year. In the third year of Guangshun in the Later Zhou Dynasty (953), all the nine classics were printed, which lasted 22 years.
Anecdotes and allusions
Appearance Sikong
When Feng Dao was in Taiyuan, he was at odds with Zhou Yuanbao. Zhou Yuanbao is good at appraising and once said to Zhang Chengye, "Feng Sheng has no future. You can't trust him too much." Lu Zhi, the record room of Hedong, heard about it and said to Zhang Chengye, "I have seen the painting of Sikong, Du Huangshang (the famous Prime Minister of Tang Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty)
Chinese PinYin : Feng Dao
Feng Dao
