Shangguanyi

Shangguanyi

Shangguanyi (608-665), named youshao, was born in Shanzhou county (now Shanzhou District, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province), the prime minister and poet of the Tang Dynasty, and the grandfather of shangguanwan'er, a talented woman.

Shangguanyi was a monk in his early years. Later, he became a Jinshi and served as the direct Bachelor of hongwenguan, Secretary Lang, living Lang, Secretary Shaojian and Prince Zhongshe. He was a famous scholar in the early Tang Dynasty. He often drafted imperial edicts for the emperor and created the style of "Qi CuO Wan Mei".

In the second year of longshuo's reign (662), Shangguan worshiped the prime minister, and was granted the title of the Minister of Western Taiwan and the third grade of tongdongtai. In December of the first year of Linde (January 665), because Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty drafted an imperial edict against Empress Wu Zetian, he was falsely accused of conspiracy and put to death. During the reign of emperor Zhongzong of Tang Dynasty, Shangguan Wan'er was favored by Emperor Zhongzong. She was awarded the title of Zhongshu Ling and governor of Qinzhou, and was granted the title of Duke of Chu.

Life of the characters

Early experience

Shangguanyi was born in Shanzhou county (now Shanzhou District, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province) in 608. She moved to Jiangdu with her father shangguanhong since childhood. In 618, shangguanhong was killed in the change of Jiangdu. Shangguanyi was spared because of hiding. In order to avoid disaster, she shaved herself as a monk. He studied Buddhist scriptures, was proficient in San Lun, and was good at writing.

Tired of work

During the reign of Zhenguan, shangguanyi was highly valued by Yang Gongren, governor of Yangzhou, and entered Beijing to take the imperial examination. After passing the imperial examination, shangguanyi was awarded the direct bachelor degree of hongwenguan and moved to the Secretary Lang. At that time, Emperor Taizong often ordered shangguanyi to draft imperial edicts, and also asked him to participate in palace banquets and poems.

In the 22nd year of Zhenguan (648), prime ministers Fang Xuanling and Chu suiliang completed the book of Jin. Shangguanyi, who had participated in the compilation of the book of Jin, was given the title of "living man". In 649, Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty succeeded to the throne, and shangguanyi was promoted to Secretary Shaojian.

In the first year of Xianqing (656), Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty appointed Li Hong, the fifth son of Emperor Gaozong, as the crown prince, and later appointed shangguanyi as the crown prince Zhongshe. In the second year of longshuo (662), shangguanyi was promoted to be the Minister of Western Taiwan, the third grade of tongdongtai, and became the prime minister. In addition, he was also a doctor of Yinqing Guanglu, who was also a Bachelor of hongwenguan.

Wrongly killed

In the first year of Linde (664), Empress Wu Zetian led a Taoist into the palace and practiced the art of weariness of victory, which was denounced by eunuch Wang Fusheng. At that time, Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty was often suppressed by Empress Wu. He was dissatisfied with her and wanted to abolish her as a commoner, so he secretly called shangguanyi to discuss. Shangguanyi said: "the empress is overbearing and disappointed at home. She should be deposed to conform to the people's will." Emperor Gaozong ordered him to draft an imperial edict on the abolition of the imperial edict. Wu Zetian got the news and pleaded with Gaozong. Gaozong couldn't bear to abandon Empress Wu. For fear of Empress Wu's anger, he said, "this is what shangguanyi taught me."

In December of the same year (January of 665), Wu Zetian instigated Xu Jingzong, a close confidant, to frame shangguanyi and Wang Fusheng for colluding with Li Zhong, the deposed prince, and plotting treason. Shangguanyi once served as a counsellor in Li Zhong's chenwangfu, and served Li Zhong with Wang Fusheng, so she was framed. Soon after, shangguanyi was put into prison. Together with his sons shangguantingzhi and Wang Fusheng, shangguanyi was executed. His family property was confiscated, and Li Zhong was sentenced to death. General Zuo Weiwei, Prince Zuo Weilu and Duke Gao Guangjing were demoted as governor of Xizhou because they usually made friends with Shangyi, and soon died of illness. Liu xiangdao, the right prime minister (Zhongshu Ling), gave up his knowledge of the political affairs and changed his post to Changbo of silitai. From then on, Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty lost his power and the government was completely controlled by Wu Zetian.

When shangguanyi was killed, her granddaughter, shangguanwan'er, was still in her infancy. Together with her mother, Zheng's family, she was buried in yeting and became an official servant. She was intelligent by nature, and gradually gained the importance of Wu Zetian. She was cited as a confidant and took charge of the imperial court. In the first year of Shenlong (705), Emperor Zhongzong of Tang Dynasty succeeded to the throne, and Shangguan Wan'er was named Zhaorong. Shangguanyi was rehabilitated, and was given to zhongshuling, the governor of Qinzhou, and the Duke of Chu.

Main achievements

Shangguanyi is a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty. His poems are "beautiful and graceful". He has a tendency to pay attention to the formal skills of poetry and pursue the beauty of poetry voice, forming a new style of poetry shangguanyi. In the history of the development of Tang poetry, he inherited Yang Shidao, Li Baiyao and Yu Shinan, as well as "four friends of articles" and Shen Quanqi and song Zhiwen.

Shangguanyi's innovation of the poetry system, mainly in the delicate and exquisite aspects of the body, object and appearance, diluted the flamboyant carving of Qi and Liang poetry style with highly skilled skills; but the subject matter of the poetry was still limited to the scope of chanting objects in court literature, lacking of generous passion and heroic spirit. He also summed up the methods of Antithesis in the poems since the Six Dynasties, including "six pairs" and "eight pairs", which had a great influence on the formation of later poems.

Anecdotes and allusions

In the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, Wei Xuan was appointed as the imperial censor of the palace, but some people think that this is not a promotion. Shangguanyi said: "this is the opinion of the humble and ignorant people. The imperial censor served in the palace, and his position was close to Kui and long (two important ministers of Emperor Shun). He was in the rank of imperial officials. How could he be compared with the assistant officials of Yongzhou? "

Character evaluation

Liu Xu: This is based on the color of Ci, and works in five character poetry, but it is based on the beauty of Qi and Cuo. Since the instrument is expensive and obvious, it was often effective at that time, which was called shangguanti by people at that time. Yi relies on talent and power, so it is envied by the contemporary.

Song Qi: the emperor of Gaozong is not a monarch, can he treat evil? They are all ministers who are responsible for their life. Once they are denounced, they will bear it. Against the firmness of the sky and the brightness of the sun, the envoys of the dead call the hour, but it's not sad to move back home! Heaven flourished in the Tang Dynasty as a female army. Although the righteous people were benevolent and the people resisted it to death, they could never support it. However, yuan, Ji, Yi Yan and Yi were all aware of what they were doing.

Wang Fuzhi: Chang sun Wuji, Chu suiliang, Yu Zhining, Gao Jifu and Zhang Xingcheng, who were appointed by Taizong to assist themselves, were demoted to death and dethroned. They could not be relieved in a day. They could only protect the position of salary and end up in order. Li Ji'er, who was pregnant with treachery, was the only one. If Han Yuan, Lai Ji, Du Zhenglun, Liu Rengui, shangguanyi, and Liu xiangdao were not injured, and if they denounced the crime, those who survived were also entrusted to guard the border to avoid disaster.

personal works

According to the records in the new history of Tang Dynasty, shangguanyi wrote 30 volumes of anthology and one volume of touhujing, and participated in the compilation of Jinshu and Fanglin yaolan. In addition, shangguanyi's poems and works are also included in quantangwen and quantangshi. See the following table for details:

(table reference:)

member of family

Father: shangguanhong, a former vice governor of Jiangdu palace, was killed by Chen Ling at the end of Sui Dynasty.

Son: Shangguan Tingzhi, who was once a member of King Zhou's mansion, was killed together with Shangguan Yi. During the reign of emperor Zhongzong, he was awarded to the Minister of Huangmen, the governor of Qizhou and the Duke of Tianshui.

Daughter in law: Zheng, the elder sister of Taichang Shaoqing Zheng Xiuyuan, and the wife of fengpeiguo during the reign of emperor Zhongzong.

Granddaughter: Shangguan Wan'er, who was granted Zhaorong during the reign of emperor Zhongzong, was killed by Emperor Xuanzong during the Tang Long coup.

Historical records

The old book of the Tang Dynasty Volume 80 biography 30

New book of the Tang Dynasty volume 150 biography 30

Zizhitongjian, volume 211, Tangji 17

Film and television image

Chinese PinYin : Shang Guan Yi