Min Ning, Xuanzong of Qing Dynasty

AI xinjueluo min Ning

Aixinjueluo minning (September 16, 1782 - February 25, 1850), Xuanzong of the Qing Dynasty, was originally named Mianning. He was the eighth emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the sixth emperor after the capital was established in Beijing. Mongolia called him torgele Khan. His age was Daoguang. He was the only emperor in the Qing Dynasty who inherited the throne as his eldest son. The second son of emperor Jiaqing, whose mother is the Sitara family, empress xiaoshurui.

During min Ning's reign, he reorganized the administration of officials, salt, shipping, pacifying zhangger's rebellion, banning opium, practising thrift, and being diligent in government affairs. However, his talent was limited and his social malpractice was hard to return. In 1840, the Opium War broke out between China and Britain, and China was defeated. In 1842, China was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing, which was humiliating and humiliating to the country. In the following eight years, minning tolerated and refused to change. Meanwhile, domestic and foreign troubles became more and more serious. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement was in the process of brewing, and the Qing Dynasty was in crisis.

He died on the 14th of the first month of the 30th year of Daoguang (1850). He served for 30 years and was 69 years old. The temple was named Xuanzong, and its posthumous title was xiaotianfu, yunlizhongtizheng. Wu Zhiyong, the sage of literature, was benevolent, thrifty, diligent, Xiaomin Kuan, and became emperor. He was buried in the mausoleum of the Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty and passed down as the fourth son of Yichen.

Life of the characters

Early experience

On August 10, 1782, the 47th year of Emperor Qianlong, AI xinjueluo min Ning was born in Jiefang hall, the Forbidden City. When he was born, his father Jiaqing Diyan was an ordinary prince. His mother, Xi Tala, was the first son of emperor Jiaqing.

In August of the 56th year of Qianlong (1791), ten year old min Ning followed his grandfather Emperor Qianlong to hunt deer. Emperor Qianlong was very happy and gave him yellow mandarin jacket and flower plume.

In the first year of Jiaqing (1796), minning married Niu Hulu, the daughter of buyandalai, a Manchurian yellow banner. In November, he was granted a book by Emperor Jiaqing and was granted the title of Di Fu Jin of Prince Mianning.

In April of the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), Emperor Jiaqing wrote the name of minning in person according to the family law of the crown prince, which was hidden in the chest of the Zhengda Guangming plaque of the Qianqing palace.

In the first month of the 13th year of Jiaqing (1808), he married Tong Jia as the successor of Fujin.

In the 18th year of Jiaqing, the Catholics attacked the Forbidden City, and he killed two thieves with a shotgun. Emperor Jiaqing was very happy and named him prince heshuozhi. His imperial gun was also named "Wei lie". Since then, minning was highly valued by Emperor Jiaqing, who praised him for his "loyalty and filial piety".

Ascend to the throne

In July 1820, Emperor Jiaqing went to Rehe to serve in autumn, and min Ning followed his father. At this time, Emperor Jiaqing was seriously ill. The former royal ministers saichong'a and sotna mudobzhai, the military aircraft ministers Tuojin, Dai Junyuan, Lu yinpu and Wenfu, the chief internal affairs office Xi'en and he Shitai opened the casket of Qianqing palace in public, announced the imperial edict in the fourth year of Jiaqing, and made minning the crown prince. After the death of emperor Jiaqing, he escorted his coffin back to Beijing on the same day. In August, min Ning ascended the throne in the hall of supreme harmony.

In March of the first year of Daoguang (1821), minning was granted the title of Tuojin and Cao Zhenyong as the crown prince and Taifu. In April, Bo Lin was awarded the title of "Ti Ren Ge" and Cao Zhenyong the title of "Wu Ying Dian". Ruan Fu Min was made king of Vietnam. Feng songyun was the Minister of the Ministry of war, and Qinghui was the governor of Rehe.

In October 1824, Zhang Ge'er, the chieftain of the Hui tribe, led his troops to wulukkalun. The Qing army failed in encirclement and suppression, and Hua Shanbu, the bodyguard, was killed. Bayanbatu led his troops to suppress zhangger, defeated zhangger, and zhangger went to karatijin.

In July of 1826, Zhang Ge Er tangled with the Huibu people of Andijan and brute to enter the guard post of Qing army. The Hui people in Kashgar also responded. Min Ning ordered Yang Yuchun to lead his troops to suppress Zhang GER. Before long, zhangger captured Hetian city. Min Ning ordered Chang Ling to be Yang Wei's general and Wu long'a to be an imperial envoy to help manage military affairs with Yang Yuchun. In August, Ba Buding, the chieftain of the Hui tribe, and others captured yingishar. Zhangger captured Kashgar City and then Yeerqiang.

In the first month of the seventh year of Daoguang (1827), the Huibu people in Hetian area surrendered, but they were soon captured by zhangger. Min Ning appointed Hui Xian as minister to Tibet. In April, Changling and others captured Kashgar, but zhangger escaped and failed to capture him.

In May of 1828, the eighth year of Daoguang (1828), Zhang Ge Er, the bandit leader, was captured and offered a gift of capture. Min Ning was captured at the Meridian Gate. Min Ning himself announced Zhang Ge Er's crime and sentenced him to death.

In September of the 10th year of Daoguang (1830), anjiyan and others captured Kashgar again and surrounded Kashgar City. Min Ning ordered Yulin to go to Xinjiang for encirclement and suppression. In December, the bandits in Kashgar and yingjishar were pacified by the Qing army.

Metaphase

In the 11th year of Daoguang (1831), the Li bandits in Guangdong made trouble and ordered Li Hongbin to send troops to suppress them. In the name of violating the ban, he ordered Li Hongbin and others to conduct a thorough investigation. In June, it declared that the government and the people were responsible for buying and taking opium.

In August of the 12th year of Daoguang (1832), Tao Shu played the role of British merchant ships entering China's waters again, and sometimes they did not comply with the restrictions and should be severely punished. Min Ning thought that he was provoking an incident and refuted it. In September, British merchant ships once again entered China's sovereign waters and ordered the coastal provinces to straighten out their navy.

In the first month of the 13th year of Daoguang (1833), Chen ban, the bandit leader of Chiayi, Taiwan, was killed. In February, the minority bandits in Yuemin and other places in Sichuan made trouble, and minning ordered nayanbao and Guihan to send troops to suppress them.

In June of 1834, the first British business supervisor in China, rolabee, arrived in Guangzhou. After he refused to meet with the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi to discuss trade affairs directly, he led a warship to bombard Humen.

In April of 1835, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Lu Kun, and the naval commander, Guan Tianpei, asked for the addition of Guangzhou fort, and Guangdong enacted the regulations on the prevention of foreign trade.

In April of 1838, Huang Juezi, the Minister of Honglu temple, dismissed the harm of opium and advocated the prohibition of opium. In December, min Ning ordered Lin Zexu to be the imperial envoy and sent him to Guangdong to ban smoking.

Opium War

In the nineteen year (1839) April, Lin Zexu was given the opportunity to sell tobacco in Humen by selling destructed opium to Britain and other countries in Guangdong. In May, the British sailor killed the villager Lin Weixi, and the British Consul refused to hand in the murderer, which violated China's legal sovereignty. In September, the British warship made a provocation outside Humen, and the navy commander Guan Tianpei led his troops to attack. In December, trade with the British was stopped and Lin Zexu was appointed governor of Guangdong and Guangxi.

In the first month of the 20th year of Daoguang (1840), the empress Niu Hulu passed away, and his son Yi Chen was raised by imperial concubine Jing. In May, the British fleet assembled on the sea surface of Guangdong. The first Opium War broke out. Lin Zexu put up strict defenses, and the British army had no chance to take advantage of it. In June, the British army attacked Dinghai in the north, slaughtered madly and occupied Dinghai. In July, the British army arrived in Tianjin. The governor of Zhili, Qi Shan, had a meeting with Yilu in Dagukou. Qi Shan compromised with the British. Minning was forced by the arrogance of the British army to hand over Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen to the military aircraft department for strict punishment. In September, Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen were sacked to serve as governors of Guangdong and Guangxi. In December, Qishan made a treaty with Yilv to cede Hong Kong and open Guangzhou to compensate for the price of cigarettes.

In the first month of the 21st year of Daoguang (1841), the British army captured Shajiao and Dajiao fort in Humen, and minning was forced to issue an imperial edict to declare war on the British army. Yishan was sent as general jingni to take charge of the war in Guangdong. In February, the British invaded Humen, Guangdong Province, causing a naval battle in Humen. Guan Tianpei died in the battle. Because of compromise and concession in negotiation with the British, he took the position of a scholar in Qishan University. He was arrested and asked about it. In May, the signing of the Guangzhou peace treaty aroused the indignation of the Guangzhou people. The people of Sanyuanli in Guangzhou rose up to fight against Britain.

In May of 1842, the British army captured Wusong fort on the Yangtze River. Chen Huacheng, the commander-in-chief of Jiangnan, died and Shanghai was lost. In July, the British warship invaded the Nanjing river. Qi Ying, the imperial minister, and Pu dingcha, the British plenipotentiary to China, negotiated on the British warship on the Nanjing river and agreed to all the terms proposed by the British side. Minning ratified the Jiangning Treaty (Nanjing Treaty) between China and Britain and promised to cede land, pay compensation and trade with five ports. In October, read the eight banners of Yuanmingyuan.

The late government

In March of the 23rd year of Daoguang (1843), the queen of England promulgated the Hong Kong Royal colonial Charter (i.e. the letters patent), with PU dingcha as the first governor and commander-in-chief of the British forces in Hong Kong. In August, Qi Ying and Pu dingcha signed the "five port trade regulations" in Humen. In September, Shanghai opened as a port.

In May 1844, Qi Ying and Gu Sheng signed the unequal Sino US Wangxia treaty. In September, the senior citizens signed the unequal Sino French Huangpu treaty with the French representatives.

In June of the 25th year of Daoguang (1845), Qi Ying sent a note to Lanner, Belgium's special envoy for negotiations in China, allowing Belgium to trade according to the five port trade regulations. In November, the Daotai palace in Shanghai announced its first settlement with Britain. In December, the people of Guangzhou opposed the British entering the city, and thousands of people rushed into the government offices.

In November of the 26th year of Daoguang (1846), Rong Hong and others went to the United States to study with the president of Morrison school, which opened a precedent for studying abroad in modern times. Yichen, the fifth son of the emperor, was the empress of miankai.

In February of the 27th year of Daoguang (1847), Qi Ying signed five port trade regulations with Sweden and Norway. He was married by Yi Chen, the fourth son of the emperor, and his daughter was sakda, the daughter of Fu Tai, the Minister of Taipusi. In October, he ordered the capital and all provinces to compile and inspect Baojia.

In the first month of the 28th year of Daoguang (1848), it was reiterated that legal persons were not allowed to enter the mainland to preach without permission. In February, ceshakda was the first son of Yichen, the fourth son of the emperor. Qingpu case happened. In May, Russia refused to trade in Xinjiang. In December, the British Consul to Shanghai, Aleksandr

Chinese PinYin : Qing Xuan Zong Min Ning