Liu Kai

Liu Kai

Liu Kai (947-1000), originally named Jianyu, was named Shaoxian (Shaoyuan), and later renamed Kai (Zhongtu). He was named Dongjiao Yefu and Buwu. He was born in Daming (now Hebei Daming) and was a writer of the Northern Song Dynasty. Because the official to such as Beijing envoy, the world known as Liu Rujing.

Liu Kai was a Jinshi in the sixth year of Kaibao. He served as prefect and military commander, and served as censor in the palace. He advocated Han Yu's and Liu Zongyuan's prose and claimed himself to revive the ancient road and write classics. He opposed the prevailing Chinese literary style in the early Song Dynasty and was an advocator of the ancient prose movement in the Song Dynasty. The writing of the work is simple, but it is dry and astringent. There are eight poems in existence. He Dong Ji.

Profile

Liu Kai is a rough and crazy man, claiming to be "a teacher of Confucius but a friend of mengke, a Qi Yangxiong but a shoulder of Hanyu". Therefore, he was named Jianyu (inheriting Hanyu) and was named Shaoyuan (inheriting Liu Zongyuan). Later, he was dissatisfied with Han and Liu and changed his name to Kai and Zhongtu. In his early years, he liked to discuss Confucian classics, advocated Han and Liu's prose, and was famous with Liang Zhouhan, Gao Xi, Fan Gao and others for advocating Chungu. In the sixth year of Kaibao (973), he was a Jinshi. He joined the army at the beginning of the Song Dynasty. In the fourth year of Taiping's rejuvenation of the country (979), he promoted youzanshan, known Changzhou and Runzhou, and paid homage to the censor in the palace. In the second year of Yongxi's reign (985), he was demoted to Shangcai County Magistrate for fighting with Jianjun, and then returned to his original post. Later, he served as Chongyi envoy, knowing ningbian army, Quanzhou, Guizhou and other places. Zhenzong ascended the throne, including Jingshi, daizhou and Xinzhou. In the third year of Xianping, he moved to Cangzhou, where he died of illness and was 54 years old.

Literary achievements

Liu Kai was a pioneer of the ancient prose movement in Song Dynasty. He advocated the restoration of the ancients and opposed the decadent writing style of the Five Dynasties. He advocated a kind of ancient prose with "ancient principles, high meaning, short and long words, flexible rules and regulations, and acting in accordance with the ancients"; he claimed to "learn from Confucius and be friends with mengke, Qi Yangxiong and shoulder Han Yu" (Shangfu Xingzhou book). He began to study Han Yu's articles when he was a teenager. Later, he took the six classics as an example and advocated ancient prose. He thinks that the ancient prose "is not because of its astringency and bitterness, which makes it difficult to read and recite. It is because of its reason and high meaning. It is called ancient prose to follow the short and long words, adapt to the circumstances, and act in accordance with the ancients." (Ying Zheng). He also praises Yang Xiong for "being able to speak the words of sages and understand the way of sages" (Biography of Yang Xiong in the history of Han Dynasty), and advocates the unity of literature and Taoism: "my way, Confucius, mengke The way of Yang Xiong and Han Yu; the way of my writing is also the way of Confucius, Meng Ke, Yang Xiong and Han Yu. " (responsibility) he thinks that Tao and literature have a primary and secondary relationship. "Literature is evil in reason, but not in reason." he especially emphasizes the decisive significance of Tao to literature, and thinks that literature should serve the real political culture.

Liu Kai's theory was the forerunner of Ouyang Xiu's poetry and prose innovation movement. His ancient prose theory to a certain extent attacked the style of Fu Mi's writing in the early Song Dynasty. He advocated that the writing should publicize Confucius and Mencius, that writing should contribute to feudal education, and that he advocated ancient prose and opposed the style of Fu Mi's writing in the early Northern Song Dynasty.

In the early Song Dynasty, Liu Kai consciously took it as his duty to restore the tradition of Han and Liu's ancient prose. He was the first to oppose the style of the Five Dynasties, to advocate the unification of literature and Taoism, and to advocate the restoration of the ancients and the plain style of writing. His works are simple but dry, lacking in touching power, and his promotion of retro did not have a significant impact. In addition to the plain and elegant writing of Shangdou chaduanshu, most of the articles have the shortcoming of "unsmooth words and bitter words", so they have little influence.

He Dong Ji (Hedong Ji) is an old copy of Sibu congkan. There are only five poems in hedongji, and three from his books.

Anecdotes and allusions

Carrying sword to chase thieves

In the Later Zhou Dynasty, Liu Kai lived with his father in Nanle county. One night, a robber broke into Liu's house. The family members were too scared to move. Only Liu Kai drew his sword and rushed out. The robber ran over the wall, but Liu Kai cut off two toes with his sword. At that time, Liu Kai was only 13 years old.

Cooking evil servants

When Liu Kai entered Beijing to answer the exam, he stayed in a post house halfway. In the middle of the night, he heard a woman crying, her voice sad. He came out after daybreak to ask why. The woman claimed to be the daughter of the former linhuai county magistrate. Her father was coerced by an evil servant because of corruption during his term of office, and was forced to marry her to this servant. Liu Kai asked the magistrate for the truth again, and the magistrate told him according to the truth. Liu Kai said angrily, "let me see this servant and get rid of the harm for you." The magistrate asked the servant to visit Liu Kai. Liu Kai first asked the evil servant to buy wine, fruit, salt, plum and other things on his behalf. At midnight, he called him into the room and said angrily, "you are the one who intimidates the master to marry her." He then pulled out a dagger, stabbed the bad servant to death and threw it into the pot to cook. The next day, Liu Kai invited the county magistrate to have a banquet with him. After the banquet, he set out on his way. When the magistrate inquired about the whereabouts of the evil servant, Liu Kai laughed and said, "just now we ate together."

A book is better than a thousand axes

In the imperial examination of the Tang Dynasty, the Ministry of rites did not adopt the system of name pasting. The examiners not only read the examination papers carefully, but also referred to Juzi's works and talent reputation. In order to increase the possibility of success, examinees often write their daily poems and essays into scrolls and present them to famous officials for recommendation, which is called "Xingjuan". To the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty, the wind of the line volume still exists. When Liu Kai applied for the examination, he was wearing a scholar's shirt, pushing his thousands of axis works with a unicycle, and throwing them directly in front of the examiner's curtain. Zhang Jing, however, carried only one article. But in the final examination result, Zhang Jing ranked above Liu Kai. When people say: "Liu Kaiqian axis, as Zhang Jingyi book."

Marry Qian

After Qian Chu, the king of Wu and Yue, returned to the Song Dynasty, there was a near clan who was granted the title of sacrificial officer and lived in Runzhou. When Liu Kai was the governor of Runzhou, he went to visit Qian gongfeng and saw a picture of a beautiful woman in his home. Knowing that the woman in the painting was Qian gongfeng's sister, he said, "I've lost my wife for a long time. I'd like to take your sister as my stepmother." "My father is in Beijing, so I'd better wait for him to come back and discuss the marriage again," Qian said But Liu Kai said, "with my talent and learning, I will not insult your family." He completed the six rites as soon as possible and forced Qian's daughter to marry home. Qian's father learned in Beijing that he went to complain to the emperor that Liu Kai had robbed his daughter. But song Zhenzong said, "do you know Liu Kai? That's a hero. You've got a good son-in-law. Let me be the matchmaker. " Father Qian had to give up and quit.

Chasing Hu Dan

Hu Dan was pretentious. He imitated Confucius' spring and Autumn Annals and wrote the annals of the spring and Autumn period of the Han Dynasty. He invited Liu Kai to come and enjoy it. But Liu Kai only glanced at it, and then angrily scolded: "you are such a sinner who disturbs the cardinal principles. Since ancient times, who can compare with Confucius, Zuo Qiuming, gongyanggao, Gu Liangchi and other classics masters are just annotating classics. What are you to steal the name of the Bible. Today, I give you a sword as a warning to future madmen. " With that, he chased Hu Dan with his sword and scared Hu Dan to flee.

Shame on Pan Lang

Pan Lang, a hermit, and Liu Kai are close friends, but they don't agree with Liu Kai's style of advocating self-reliance and often laugh at him. During Duangong's reign, Liu left to know Quanzhou and passed through Pan Lang's hometown Yangzhou on his way to office. As a friend, Pan Lang naturally wanted to welcome and see off. When they came to the post house, they found that the doors and windows of a house were closed, and it was very secretive. The post official said: "for more than ten years, all the guests who live in this room will feel uneasy, so this room has always been empty." Liu Kai said: "my article can frighten ghosts and gods, courage can shock Yi Xia, nothing can make me fear." He had the house cleaned and lived in. Pan Lang didn't believe that anyone would be afraid of ghosts and gods, so he decided to tease Liu Kai, so he excused himself from leaving.

That night, Pan Lang blackened his body, put on Leopard Print Shorts, put two animal teeth in his mouth, spread his hair, held a big hammer in his hand, climbed over the wall to enter the post house, lying on the roof beam of the hall, overlooking the front of the hall. When the moon was clear, Liu Kai couldn't sleep and was walking slowly in the hall. Pan Lang screamed two times. Liu Kai looked up and saw that it was a blue faced and fanged monster. He could not help but be terrified and said, "I'm going to Ren. I'm passing by here. I have no intention of offending you. Please forgive me." Pan Lang counted Liu Kai's daily wrongs and said in a fierce voice, "the hell has accumulated too many sins for you. Let me arrest you with a talisman, and you will follow me immediately!" Liu Kai quickly bowed down: "these things are really what I do. But the Emperor gave me the official position, and I haven't finished my mission, and I haven't settled my family. If you can forgive me, I will be rewarded. " Then he kowtowed and wept.

With a smile, pan langqiang asked slowly, "do you know me?" Liu Kai said: "ordinary people don't know saints." Pan Lang said with a smile, "I am Pan Lang." Liu Kai was so angry that he cried out to Pan Lang to come down quickly. But Pan Lang knew that Liu Kaisheng was irritable and ran away that night. Liu Kai was too ashamed to see Pan Lang again. After dawn, he boarded the boat and left.

Love to eat

According to the notes of the novel, during his stay in Quanzhou, Liu Kai often escorted the captured rebel barbarians to the banquet, ordered the soldiers to take their livers alive in front of his subordinates, and then cut them into small pieces to eat raw. Later, he was transferred to Jingzhou. Every time he heard that a criminal had been beheaded in a neighboring county, he would send healthy soldiers to dig out the liver for food.

Character evaluation

Fan Zhongyan: during the period of Zhengyuan and Yuanhe in Tang Dynasty, Han Tui was the leader of the alliance in literature, while the ancient road was the most prosperous and elegant. He lived in the Five Dynasties, and his style was inferior. Liu Zhongtu was the leader of the imperial dynasty, and he was the leader of fashion. There are many Zhongtu disciples who are able to learn from the classics and explore the way, and who are literate in the world.

Shao Bowen: Liu kaizhongtu and mu Xiubo first advocated the ancient prose of this dynasty, followed by Yin Zhu and Lu brothers.

Tuotuo: at the beginning of the Republic of China, Yang Yi and Liu Yun still followed the tone and rhythm of the Tang people, while Liu Kai and Mu Xiuzhi wanted to be ancient but could not catch them. Lu mausoleum Ouyang repair out, to ancient prose advocate, pro

Chinese PinYin : Liu Kai