Yang Shenxiu

Yang Shenxiu

Yang Shenxiu (April 24, 1849 - September 28, 1898), whose real name is Yuxiu, is named Yicun (yizuoyi Village) and named Fanzi. He was born in Wenxi, Shanxi Province and was a reformer in the late Qing Dynasty. Guangxu Jinshi. Proficient in Chinese and Western mathematics. He was appointed the head of the Ministry of punishment, a doctor, and then the censor of Shandong Province. In March 1898, he and song Bolu established the Guan society in Beijing, which was also listed as the National Protection Association. In June, Shangshu asked Dingguo to impeach the Minister of rites, the Minister of state affairs yamen, Xu yingxuan, to obstruct the new political affairs. When Chen Baozhen, the reformist governor of Hunan, was coerced, he defended himself. In the coup d'etat of 1898, Cixi was killed and became one of the "Six Gentlemen of 1898".

Personal experience

Yang Shenxiu is a native of Yizhang village, Wenxi County, Shanxi Province. Born on April 24, 1849 (April 2, the 29th year of Daoguang in Qing Dynasty). At the age of 12, he became a scholar, and at the age of 21, he won the middle prize, ranking third in the list. In 1871, at the age of 22, he entered Beijing to take part in the general examination of Xinwei (ten years of Tongzhi) and failed. In Beijing, he studied Sinology and advocated the jinwenjing, especially the biography of Gongyang.

From 1877 to 1878 (the third to the fourth year of Guangxu period), the northern provinces of Hebei, Henan, Qin and Jin experienced severe drought, especially in Shanxi. Zeng Guoquan, the governor of Shanxi Province, said in his article: "there are thousands of miles in the red land, and there are five or six million hungry people. There is a great invasion and strange disaster, which has never been seen in ancient times."

When such a serious famine happened in Shanxi, the officials and scholars in the capital of Shanxi donated silver to the people in their hometown. There are also many people who ask for leave to return to Shanxi Province, or visit their families, or join the ranks of disaster relief, in order to do their part. In the spring of 1878, Yang Shenxiu resolutely abandoned the imperial examination, asked for leave to return to his hometown, United officials and gentry, promoted the advantages and eliminated the disadvantages, organized disaster relief, and also renewed Wenxi County annals.

At that time, Wenxi County Magistrate was Chen Zuozhe from Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province. He warmly welcomed Yang Shenxiu back home. Yang Shenxiu was respected by the officials, gentry and the villagers, and became a leader with influence and appeal among them.

The disaster relief in dalingzhong of Wenxi County took two years. According to the Guangxu version of Wenxi County annals, the number of victims reached more than 41500. The officials and gentry donated 21900 liang of silver. Release silver rice 23 times. With the efforts of the officials and gentry, the relief work went smoothly, saving 15810 households and 138730 people.

After the disaster, the local gentlemen such as Yang Shenxiu, pan Mengfeng and Li Runzhi discussed how to reduce the burden of the local people. County Magistrate Chen Zuozhe fully supports their proposal. According to the articles of Association published by the General Administration of rehabilitation of the whole province, Zeng Gongjun, the Imperial Guard, cut all the floating differences, and only paid 200 Wen for one or two grains and silver. More than 30 new regulations are also discussed. Approved by the constitutions of Mongolian provinces and prefectures, from August 6, 1880 (the first day of July in the sixth year of Guangxu reign), it was handled by the gentry and senior officials of the upright and upright government according to the new regulations. It's the summer harvest of the year, "the wheat is ripe, and the rate is one stone per mu.". Autumn seedlings can also be lovely. The number of children born among the people is three times as old as before. It's the policy of famine. In 1879 (the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), Zeng Guoquan, the governor of Jin Dynasty, ordered the revision of the general annals of Shanxi and ordered all counties to revise the county annals first. County Magistrate Chen Zuozhe commissioned Yang Shenxiu to write. Six months later, the new county annals were finally completed. This time, Yang Shenxiu renewed Wenxi County annals and created three new styles, namely Zhizhen, Zhibu and Zhixu, with a total of 12 volumes. In addition, a major reform was made in the topographic map, "eight sceneries were dethroned, and four maps were divided into four categories, with chess characters limited and compass directions referenced". Each grid is 10 Li in length and breadth, which is more accurate.

Zhizhen is a new style. Taking the "evolution" of the old records as an example, it adds new content by adding notes to the original text. Take Dai Zhen's records of Fenzhou as a reference. It is also listed in the table, which is based on the feudal state of the dynasty, the establishment of the state, the division of the state, and the division of the state. It is subordinate to the landscape and miscellaneous place names. The columns are simply filled in, "the outline is issued, and the vertical and horizontal table is published", which is very eye-catching.

The supplement to the annals is nothing in the old annals but a new one. For example, "the study of gold and stone" in this county, divided into dynasties, listed the cultural relics, stated the source, proved it by history, and examined it by literature, which is also a new style. This is based on the two annals of Yanshi and Anyang of Tang family of wushutang in Henan Province. Another example is "star degree test", which is not in the old records. It uses scientific algorithm and actual measurement to replace Xingye, and lists solar term time, which is very novel and accurate.

"Zhi Xu" supplements and omits or continues to write biographies that were not found in the previous Zhi. The biographies of the new characters are also simple and clear.

"There are three difficulties in writing ambition: one day, it is difficult to be refined in style; two days, it is difficult to be verified in textual research; three days, it is difficult to be clean in writing." In half a year, Yang Shenxiu overcame these three difficulties and continued to become the county annals. "His textual research is accurate, his articles are elegant and concise, and his style is all taken from the predecessors.". It was written and presented in the provincial constitution, and won high praise. It is one of the best county annals.

In 1882 (the eighth year of Guangxu), Zhang Zhidong came to Shanxi to take charge. From the beginning, we should reform the disadvantages and promote the advantages. Taking this opportunity, Yang Shenxiu, together with local gentlemen, suggested to county magistrate Zhu Guangshou that in order to revitalize Wenxi County's weak style of writing after the great invasion, a "court ceremony" apportionment, which had been oppressed by new students for many years, should be exempted forever. The so-called "courtroom gift" refers to the examination shed fee and gift fee for new students every year. This is indeed a bad policy. This proposal was fully supported by the county magistrate Zhu Guangshou. With the approval of his superiors and the imperial constitution, he agreed to eliminate the malpractice of "courteous ceremony". The mirror of Taijiang people in Hedong road instructed to transcribe Yang Shenxiu and other people's reports and the face-to-face instructions of various constitutions, and transcribe the Yin of the tablet and the stone. All the scholars applauded that the burden of court ceremony was relieved forever. After the invasion, the weak style of writing was quickly restored and revitalized. When Leshi set up the monument, Yang Shenxiu, at the request of the officials and gentry, wrote a short essay entitled "the book of rites of xinjinsheng hall with Lishu silver", which was engraved on the front. At the beginning of this article, the author points out the main idea with one sentence: "in ancient times, it was just for the benefit of the people." In one word, it expresses the aspirations of the ancient and modern people and the standard of being an official. The monument stands on the right side in front of the archway of the Confucian temple. It is the only existing stone cultural relic related to Yang Shenxiu's life.

Zeng Guoquan proposed the revision of Shanxi Tongzhi, which was supported by Yan Jingming, the imperial envoy. Wang Xuan was specially appointed to preside over the Bureau of Shanxi Tongzhi, and then Yang Du, Yang Shenxiu, Zhang Tiesheng, etc.

In 1880, Yang Shenxiu applied for the provincial capital. At that time, Wang renkan, a native of Min County, Fujian Province, served as a scholar in Shanxi Province. Wang renkan appointed Yang Shenxiu as the head of Chongxiu Academy in Taiyuan. Chongxiu Academy was originally located in the West courtyard of the first museum of the province. It was planned to be built in 1865 (the fourth year of Tongzhi) and officially opened in 1867. The students came from all counties of Jinzhong.

In addition, Yang Shenxiu also served as the assistant lecturer of lingdetang Academy.

Lingdetang Academy was founded in 1883 (the ninth year of Guangxu). Those who are able to choose talents from all kinds of students to further their studies. Both Lingde hall and Jinyang academy are the highest institutions of learning for scholars in the province. Its original site is Baoxian Hall (now Shanxi experimental middle school) after Taiyuan government department. It was officially opened in May 1884 (April of the 10th year of Guangxu) after Zhang Zhidong's preparation. Wang Xuan, the head of Jinyang academy, was specially appointed as the chief lecturer of lingdetang Academy. Yang Shenxiu, Yang Du, Zhang Tiesheng and others were employed as the assistant lecturers. In the two academies, Yang Shenxiu "talked about the book of history, which was highly argumentative. All the students applied for work after class, but they entrusted the poor source to follow it tirelessly.".

In the 1880s, Shanxi began to change the closed atmosphere. When Zhang Zhidong founded lingdetang academy, he also ordered to buy all kinds of books published in Nansheng. Li Timothy, an Englishman, entered Shanxi in the name of missionary work and disaster relief. Zhang Zhidong hired him as a consultant and set up a Westernization bureau to carry out construction. For various reasons, the effect is very little, but the atmosphere has finally opened up, all of which have created certain conditions for the integration of academy teaching with practice. In his lectures, Yang Shenxiu used Gongyang School in the spring and Autumn period to enlighten the students, "don't indulge in the essays.". The essay is the eight part essay. Do not indulge in this, that is, to come out of the eight part essay and learn the reform legislation. All of these have affected the students to a certain extent. Liu Youfeng of Taiyuan and Liu Fenxi of Yuci are all excellent students. After Liu Fenxi became an official of Jinshi, he often taught himself by sages and led the world. Liu Youfeng "although he learned about juziye, he didn't take it as his heart" and later compiled it into Jinci Zhi. Both of them have the legacy of their teachers.

In the compilation of Guangxu's Shanxi Tongzhi, Yang Shenxiu also made great contributions.

The whole work of compiling records is carried out under the specific leadership of Shanxi general Records Bureau. Wang Xuan is the chief editor and Yang Du, Yang Shenxiu and Zhang Tiesheng are the sub editors. Wang xuanri discussed the style of Tongzhi with Yang Du and Yang Shenxiu, which was divided into six categories. That is: map, spectrum, textual research, record, record, etc. The six gates are further divided into 36 categories. This revision is unprecedented in Shanxi history. Yang Shenxiu was responsible for compiling two volumes of Xingdu spectrum and eight volumes of historical sites.

The star scale compiled by Yang Shenxiu makes use of the latest scientific achievements in astronomy, calendar and geography at that time. He also has some original ideas. This not only reflects his high scientific level, but also reflects his realistic spirit.

The research on historic sites is published in the 50th volume of general annals. Its main content is from the ancient Tang, Yu, Xia, Shang, Zhou and Qin Dynasties to the Han, Wei, Jin, song, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Besides, there are palace, ancestral temple, Mausoleum and temple. "Historical sites" is also the sister chapter of "evolution spectrum". After reading Wang Xuan's evolution spectrum, I know the history of Shanxi from ancient times to modern times. I am deeply convinced that it is concise and to the point. After reading Yang Shenxiu's research on historical sites, the famous historical sites in Shanxi are more charming, just like visiting countless scenic spots on a higher level.

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Chinese PinYin : Yang Shen Xiu