Yang Du

Yang Du

Yang du (from January 10, 1875 to September 17, 1931) was originally named chengzan and named Xiezi. Later, he changed his name to Du and was nicknamed Hugong and huchan, as well as huchan master, hutoutuo and Shihu. In the late Qing Dynasty, he was one of the main figures who opposed the school of ethics. He is from Shitang village, jiangshe County, Xiangtan County, Hunan Province.

During the reform movement of 1898, he accepted the reformist ideas of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao and opposed imperialism. In 1906, he edited China new daily and published the theory of "gold and iron doctrine", advocating constitutional monarchy. In the same year, Yang Du wrote "the outline of China's constitutionalism should absorb the advantages of the East and the west" and "the procedure of implementing constitutionalism", which played together with Liang Qichao's "comparison of constitutionalism between the East and the west". The next year, the Qing government changed the political inspection hall into the constitutional compilation and inspection hall, and Yang Du was appointed as the official of the hall to participate in the law revision work presided over by Shen Jiaben. During the second year of Xuantong (1910) of the Qing Dynasty, Yang Du pointed out that China must eliminate all kinds of family privileges in law. There is a direct relationship of rights and obligations between the state and the people. The state should have "the law of education" and "the law of maintenance" for the people. The state should give the people "freedom of business, residence, speech, etc." and the people "should be responsible for the state.". This legal theory called "nationalism" is still "gold and iron doctrine" in essence, which has been attacked by the Conservatives represented by Lao Naixuan.

From the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China, Yang Du first opposed the Republican Revolution, and then took part in Yuan Shikai's restoration activities. His theory of constitutional monarchy to save the country ran into a wall everywhere in practice, and finally went bankrupt. After the May 4th movement, the workers' and peasants' revolutionary movement made him see the future of China. His long-term contact with Li Dazhao and other Communists has brought about a fundamental change in his world outlook. In the autumn of 1929, in the serious white terror, he applied to join the Communist Party of China. With the approval of the party, he became a secret party member and did a lot of useful work for the party. He died in 1931.

Life of the characters

Early life

Yang Du's ancestors have been farming for generations. They went to his grandfather Yang hall to join Li Xubin's Xiang army. They served as the sentry chief and were appointed as Si PIN Du Si. Uncle Yang Ruisheng joined the army with his father, and his father and son were in the same camp. In the battle of three rivers, Yang auditorium was killed, and Yang Rui escaped from death. Yang Ruisheng was later promoted to the chief of the army due to his military achievements, and was stationed in guide town, Chaoyang town and other places. His father, Yang Yisheng, was the fourth son (the second son and the third son died early). He worked as a drummer in the household. Yang Du was his eldest son, and his younger brother, Yang Jun, and his younger sister, Yang Zhuang. Yang Du lost his father at the age of ten and adopted him to his uncle. Yang Jun is good at poetry, writing, calligraphy, painting and printing, and Yang Zhuang is also good at poetry and writing. When Yang Ruisheng was stationed in guide, he recruited Yang Du and his younger sister to his mansion. At the age of 16, his name was changed to

degree

, words

A fair child

. When his uncle moved to Chaoyang Town, Yang Du and his sister returned to Xiangtan. In 1892, Yang Du became a scholar. In the 19th year of Guangxu (1893), shuntianfu Township examination was held; in the 20th and 21st years of Guangxu, Jiawu and Yiwei examinations were all failed. During the examination, he wrote on the bus. He also agreed and met Liang Qichao, Yuan Shikai and Xu Shichang. After returning home, he studied with Wang Kaiyun (Ren Qiu, Xiang Qi), a famous Confucianist of Hengyang Dongzhou and Chuanshan academies. In 1895, when Yang Du was 21 years old, Wang Kaiyun personally went to the Yang family to recruit him as a student. The intimate relationship between teachers and students, Yang Du is deeply loved by Wang Kaiyun, and can make jokes at will. Wang Kaiyun often called Yang Du "Yang Xianzi" in his diary of xiangqilou. Yang Du studied in wangkaiyunmen for three years. He was absorbed in the art of Royal monarchy, which had a profound impact on his later life. He once said to his friends, "Yu Cheng is not enough to be a teacher of the emperor. However, if there is a king, he will come to take the law. Is it possible for the Tao to be related to him?" Yang Jun and Yang Zhuang also studied in the royal family, and Yang Zhuang married the four sons of the Wang family. There are also Xia Shoutian, BA zhitou Tuo, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi, Liu Kuiyi, Qi Baishi and so on. Later, because of the changes in the current situation, Yang Du became interested in new learning. In 1898, Tan Sitong, Xiong Xiling, Tang Caichang and Liang Qichao set up the current affairs school in Changsha. Cai E (Gen Yin), Liu Kuiyi and Yang Du attended classes and discussed state affairs together.

Study in Japan

In 1902, regardless of Wang Kaiyun's dissuasion, Yang Du studied in Japan at his own expense without his teacher's knowledge. He entered the accelerated Normal School of Hongwen college in Tokyo, where he studied with Huang Xing, Huang Keqiang. Influenced by the students studying in Japan, their thoughts became more and more radical. Half a year later, at the graduation meeting, the president of Japan's higher normal school, Yoshiro kanazaburo, made a speech to belittle the Qing people. Yang Du had a heated debate with him on the issue of nationality and education. Soon, the theme of "China Education" was published in Liang Qichao's new democracy newspaper, which supported and praised China's * * students in Japan. Yang Du was forced to return to China in order to get financial support for his travel study translation. Then he received Zhang Zhidong's praise. In 1903, Yang Du was recommended to Beijing to take part in the new entrance examination of special economic subjects, and he won the first and second place. The first is the finance minister of the future Beiyang government, Yang Du's colleague and political opponent Liang Shiyi. Because Liang Shiyi was said to be "Liang tou Kang Wei", and "Kang Liang" was hated by Empress Dowager Cixi because of the reform movement of 1898, Liang Shiyi was removed. Yang Du was implicated, and he was also a "Hunan Normal Student", and he attacked the imperial court during the period of time. There was dissatisfaction with the imperial court in the game theory. He was suspected to be Tang Caichang's accomplice and revolutionary party. He was also removed and wanted. Yang Du stayed away from his hometown and married Zhongying of the Huang family. Soon, Yang Du went to Tokyo to study in Hongwen college. His younger brother and sister also studied in Japan earlier (in the 29th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu) as the first overseas students in Hunan Province. In autumn, Yang Du and Liang Qichao met in Yokohama. In October, he felt that "the state affairs are sad and unknowable", wrote "Hunan youth song" with Liang Qichao's "Young China", and published in Liang Qichao's "Xinmin series", in which "if China dies, unless Hunan people die.". If you throw your head, you will not feel pain. If you have no right, you will not take it. At this time, Yang Liang "two people with each other, the world is also the best." In 1904, Yang Du transferred to the accelerated Department of the University of law and politics of Japan to study the constitutionalism of various countries. At this time, the patriotic enthusiasm of the students studying in Japan was high, and the royalists and the anti Manchurian revolutionaries publicized their own ideas. Yang Du advocated constitutionalism and did not intervene in the debates between the two groups. He is enthusiastic about state affairs, friendly to his classmates and outstanding in talent. He is very popular among Chinese students studying in Japan. During his stay in Japan, Cai E was "the best with Yang Du" and would go to Yang Du's home for dinner on holidays. In 1905, Yang Du was elected as the director general of the students' Association in Japan. Later, he was elected as the general representative of the delegation of students studying in the United States and Japan to maintain the Guangdong Han railway. He took the lead in petitioning for the abolition of the loan renewal of Sino US Guangdong Han railway in 1900, claiming to recover the right of way and run it by himself in order to safeguard national sovereignty, and published the "Guangdong Han railway proposal". He returned to China as the general representative, and according to his teacher's countermeasures, he proposed that the officials and gentry should raise funds to run their own business. Meet Zhang Zhidong and get his support. Soon after, the Guangdong Han railway took back its own business, and he successfully completed the task, which greatly increased his reputation. In Tokyo, he debated with Sun Yat Sen several times on the issue of the Chinese revolution, "the meeting lasted for three days and nights, and the Manchu and Han Chinese and foreign countries were unprepared to discuss; the advantages and disadvantages of the reform and protection were discussed freely." He didn't approve of sun's revolutionary thought, but he introduced Huang Xing to Sun Yat Sen to promote sun Huang cooperation. Soon after the founding of the Chinese League, Sun Yat Sen strongly invited Yang du to participate. He refused to participate and was willing to go his own way. He said: "I am in charge of constitutional monarchy. If I succeed, I hope you can help me. If you call on national revolution and succeed, you should abandon your ideas and help me. It's today to strive for national affairs. Don't let it get in the way. " We still adhere to the path of constitutional monarchy to save the country.

Constitutional activities

In 1905, the Ministry of education, culture, culture, education, and culture of Japan promulgated the "rules for banning students studying in Japan in the Qing Dynasty", which called the Qing people "indulgent and despicable". Yang Du filed a protest in the name of the Secretary General. Among the students studying in Japan, there are two schools, one for self-management and the other for compromise. Chen Tianhua, a native of Hunan Province, walked across the sea angrily. As the director general, Yang Du has been accused by some people of being ineffective. In 1906, the Qing government sent five foreign ministers to investigate the constitutionalism. Xiong Xiling went to Japan to ask Yang Du and Liang Qichao to draw up a report in order to make a job

The outline of Chinese constitutionalism should absorb the advantages of the East and the West

and

Constitutional procedure

(Liang Qichao wrote a comparison of constitutionalism between the East and the West), which earned him a great reputation. That year, the Qing government issued an imperial edict on the basis of this report to prepare for constitutionalism. In 1907, Yang Du founded the monthly China new daily in Tokyo. He was the editor in chief of the magazine. He said, "no revolution, only constitutionalism." Yang and Liang went their separate ways. He published 140000 words on "the doctrine of gold and iron" and many other articles, advocating constitutional monarchy, the establishment of political parties, the convening of Parliament, the implementation of constitutional government. China new daily, Xinmin series and minbao are almost in a tripartite position. It also organized political and popular investigation meetings (later renamed as constitutional assembly and constitutional Association) to set up an elected House as the central goal of the constitutional movement. In the same year, Liang huankui and fan Xudong prepared for the Hunan Constitutional Government Association and intended to support Yang Du as its president. In October, Yang Du returned home and his father died. In December, the Hunan Constitutional Government Association was established, with Yang Du as its president. He drafted the petition of all the people's elected houses in Hunan, and asked his teacher Wang Kai to operate and modify it, and contacted many Hunan people

Chinese PinYin : Yang Du