Du Biao

Du Biao

Du (Y ú) (around 1190 A.D.) was born in Jinhua (now Zhejiang Province) with the name of BOGAO and qiaozhai. The year of his birth and death is unknown. He was born around the beginning of the reign of emperor Guangzong of Song Dynasty. Lu Zuqian is a disciple. Chunxi Kaixi period (1174-1207 A.D.) was recommended by the imperial examination. With his brother Zhonggao, Shugao, Yougao and Jigao, they were named "Du's five highs". Lu You, Ye Shi, Chen Liang and Chen Fuliang all praised his works and made friends with them. There is no biography of qiaozhaiji. There are three poems in Quan Song Ci.

Evaluation of ci writing

Chen Liang said of his ci: "the wind runs away from the feet, and the sound is in harmony with the Luan." Volume 8 of Chen tingzhuo's Bai Yu Zhai CI Hua: "Du Bo Gao's Ci poems are of great boldness and harmonic tone. They are not widely spread. However, in the Southern Song Dynasty, they can form a team of their own.

The moon on the river

Such is the situation of the rivers and mountains. The sky is open forever, and the southeast is king. As soon as he had a beard and sun Heng's short strategy, he made the hero rise. Yushu sound sale, Golden Lotus shadow scattered, how many sad things! Liaohe, who has lived for thousands of years, doubts the right and wrong of the city. On that day, wansi yuntun was a place where the tides were born and the rocks were standing alone. People laugh that Chu Yuan's teeth are cold today, but only Yuan Gong does not die. Where is China? I want to shed tears. Yuanlong is old, there is no limit in the world.

appreciation

background of times

Stone city is one of the four cities in Jiankang, located on the Qingliang mountain of Nanjing. As Wu, Eastern Jin, song, Qi, Liang, Chen, and Southern Tang were all in the process of establishing their capitals in Kang, it is inevitable that when Du Fu, who lived in the Southern Song Dynasty, came to visit them, he had some feelings about the rise and fall of feudal dynasties.

Allusion

The most remarkable feature of this Ci is that it uses a lot of allusions. The author's sighs about the past and the present are almost expressed through these allusions. Therefore, our reading must start with understanding the allusions. "Wang Qi", the ancients have "Wang Qi" technique, it is said that Jinling has "Tianzi Qi". The first three sentences point out that the stone city has always been favored by Wang Qi, which laid the foundation for the rise and fall of several dynasties, and formed a sharp contrast with the Southern Song Dynasty's royal family who did not want to make progress and lived in a corner. The ancients attached great importance to sentences when they discussed CI. "Yuefu Zhimi" said: "most of the sentence will see the meaning of the chant, not pan people idle." "Huifeng Cihua" also said: "from the place should not be pan scenery, should be real should not be empty, so it is easy to cover the whole, it will not move the title." This article starts with a straight to the point and goes straight to the theme, which shows the author's full strength. "Ransun hengduance" refers to Sun Quan's separatist rule in Jiangdong. Right purple beard, so called "beard sun". "Strategy", horse whip. The words "Yizi" and "sitting makes heroes rise" (here is the meaning of taking advantage of the situation to fly vigorously) lead to many heroes and highlight Sun Quan's status. "Yushu", or "Yushu houting flower", is a song composed by Empress Chen Shubao. Its words are gorgeous and its sound is very sad. It has always been recognized as the voice of national subjugation. It is said that the Duke of Qidong ordered craftsmen to carve a lotus with gold and paste it on the ground for Princess pan to walk on. It is said that "lotus grows step by step". Jiankang is an ancient capital, which naturally becomes a historical stage for all kinds of people's performance. The author divides these characters into two categories: entrepreneurs and subjugators, which in essence set two completely different paths for the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty. The two sentences of "Millennium" contain both the hero and the Hun king, lamenting the unpredictable changes of the world. "SouShen postscript" records that Ding Lingwei, a native of Eastern Liaoning Province, succeeded in seeking immortality and turned a white crane into a bird, saying: "there are birds and there are birds. Ding Lingwei has gone home for thousands of years. The city is as old as before, and the people are not. Why don't you learn from the fairy mounds. " The author changed "city and country as before" into "city and country are not right" in the original Canon, which naturally goes a step further in emphasizing social change. Zhang Dizhong said: "the two knots before and after every word are the most important. The former knot is like a galloping horse. It must be reined in. There is still a situation behind it. There is a tendency to live but not to live. " The two sentences of "thousand years", quoted from ancient and modern CI theory, end with the illusions of the world, and lead to the remembrance of the past and the remembrance of the present by the city in front of us, which is an excellent prelude.

Comparison of the past and the present

In the past three sentences, we can imagine the grand occasion of the convergence of officers and men and the silence of thousands of horses here in the past, compared with the desolation of today's lonely tide stone city. "Where the tides rise and fall, the stones stand alone" not only calls for "the rivers and mountains are like this" on the positive side, but also reflects "where is China" on the negative side, which shows the delicacy and meticulousness of undertaking the turning point. Chuyuan and Yuan can were ministers of Southern Song Dynasty. Later, Xiao Daocheng usurped the Southern Qi Dynasty. Chu lost his integrity and Yuan died in Shitou city. There is a saying in the biography of Yue Yi in the book of Southern Qi that "people laugh at Chu Gong, but they are still cold today"; in the biography of Chu Yan in the Southern History (Yuanzi Yanhui), the common people said at that time: "poor stone city, I'd rather die for yuan can than live for Yan Huisheng." Here, the author combines the truth, historical biography and folk songs to express his distinct love and hatred. "Tears in Xinting", according to the biography of Wang daozhuan in the book of Jin, "people who cross the Yangtze River ask for (invite) a banquet in Xinting every summer. He sat down in the middle of the page and sighed, "the scenery is not the same, but the river is different." They all look at each other and shed tears. However, the king's Guide changed color and said, "when we work together for the royal family and restore China, how can we be the prisoners of Chu?" The next word "desire" in the sentence means that we should work together for the royal family, but the current reality can not make people so relaxed, so we have to "desire" to tear down the new pavilion.

On lyricism

After the allusions are used flexibly, they are more suitable for the reality of the Southern Song Dynasty and express the author's deep feelings. Looking at the second half of the story, if the two sentences of "people laugh" are mainly praise and criticism of Chu and yuan, then the three sentences of "Xieri" contain a deeper sigh of social change. In the last two sentences, it directly points out that the hero is old and no one is restored. ——The theme of a text is deepened step by step by means of layering. Yuanlong, the character of Chen Deng in the Three Kingdoms. He had little ambition to help the world and the people. Hearing that Xudu people criticized him, he asked Chen Jiao, the county's meritorious Cao, to go to Xudu era to ask what people criticized him. Chen Jiao said in return: "hearing the theory of far and near, it is quite that the Ming government is arrogant and self-conscious." Chen Deng said: "my husband's daughter is Yong mu, who is virtuous and virtuous. I respect brother Chen Yuanfang; Yuanqing is jade and clean, who is polite and law, who respects Huaziyu; Qingxiu is evil, who is knowledgeable and righteous, who respects Zhao Yuanda; erudite and powerful, who is elegant and outstanding, who respects Kong Wenju; who is majestic and outstanding, who is king and domineering, who respects Liu Xuande! How can the rest be recorded? " (see the chronicles of the Three Kingdoms · Wei Shu · Chen Jiao Zhuan) all the people Chen Yuanlong respected have their own praises in terms of morality, articles, integrity and strategy. The so-called "Yuzi" he disdains to mention has not made any achievements in these aspects. No wonder Yuanlong is arrogant. The author is better than Chen Yuanlong, but there are few people worthy of respect in the world. However, there are so many "remaining sons" like Chen Yuanlong. It refers to the ancient, which is the reason why it refers to the present; it refers to people, which is essentially about the way of the world. This is the end of the word. At the end of the essay, I use scenery language or emotion language. Although it is a different style, it is very appropriate to pour out the author's resentment. allusions are defined events or sentences handed down through the ages. If they are rich in content and well used, they can achieve the effect of "less is more, and more is more.". To sum up, the allusions used in this article have the following three characteristics: first, there are many familiar allusions, so it is not difficult to read; second, they are mostly related to Toucheng, so they are more natural; third, the positive and negative allusions are used alternately, so the author's love and hate are very clear.

Brief history

It was in the Southern Song Dynasty when foreign enemies constantly invaded the Central Plains and the social crisis was deepening. He had the ambition to serve the country, so he followed Xin Qiji's example. But Jiaxuan's words, "its beauty lies in the bone, and its thickness lies in the spirit.". For the first time, we can see it, but it's only rude. "Therefore, the speakers generally believe that" less temperament, don't learn from Jiaxuan "(Huifeng Cihua). Du Zhuo himself "runs the wind to escape the foot, but sings with the Luan" (Chen Liangyu), and "Du Zi five brothers, the CI forest is all above" (Ye Shiyu), so he can only accept the positive influence of Xin CI. This poem uses a lot of allusions, gallops to discuss, uses prose language, and forms a generous and profound style. It is a rare masterpiece in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Chinese PinYin : Du Yu