Li Fan

Li Fan

Li Feng? He was born in Beihai, Weizhou (now Weifang, Shandong Province). At the end of Jin Dynasty, he was the son of Shandong warlord Li Quan.

In 1231, after Li Quan's death, Li Fan attacked Yidu province and supported his troops. In the first year of Kaiqing (1259), Li Fei speeded up his preparations to rebel against Mongolia. On the one hand, he invaded the Southern Song Dynasty and took Haizhou and other four cities. On the other hand, he strengthened the defense of Yidu City, stored grain and grass, and intercepted salt. When JINGDING attacked Jinan in 1262, there were only a few people to answer and the morale of the army was scattered. In July, Chengpo was captured and Shi Tianze executed him.

Life of the characters

Li Fan attacked Yidu province (now in Shandong) and supported the army. In the first year of Kaiqing (1259) of the Southern Song Dynasty, Li Fei speeded up his preparations to rebel against Mongolia. On the one hand, he invaded the Southern Song Dynasty and took Haizhou (now southwest of Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province) and other four cities to reinforce the defense of Yidu City, store food and grass, and intercept salt. In 1260, Kublai Khan was the emperor. His younger brother alibuge also became a Khan in Mobei. The two brothers fought for the throne. In order to stabilize Li Fen, Kublai Khan made him governor of Jianghuai City, and he was reluctant to do so. Li Fen took the opportunity of Kublai Khan's all-out efforts to fight against the criminals of aribagnam. In February of three years, he rebelled. He offered three cities of Lianhai to the Southern Song Dynasty, killed the Mongolian garrison, attacked Yidu from Haizhou, and occupied Jinan. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Li Fen was granted the title of Qi Jun Wang and Jiedushi, but he did not give strong cooperation in military operations. When Li Fen attacked Jinan, he once called Hebei Province, hoping to obtain the support of Han warlords in North China, but few of them responded. As a result, the situation is totally isolated. Kublai Khan quickly gathered the Mongolian and Han armies and led Li Fan with king hebichi. In March, Shi Shu, Han Shi'an and a Shu defeated Li Jun, who retreated to Jinan. In April, Kublai Khan ordered Shi Tianze, the right prime minister, to make a special expedition. Shi Tianze and habic decided to build a ring around Jinan for a long-term siege. In April, when Jinan was besieged, Li ran out of food and scattered his army. In July, Li Fen threw himself into Daming Lake to survive. He was captured and beheaded by Shi Tianze. Wang Wentong, Li's father-in-law, was a governor of Zhongshu province at that time. He won Kublai Khan's trust. He was killed by Kublai Khan because of his correspondence with Li.

After the end of the rebellion, Kublai Khan dismissed the hereditary power of the local princes, took over the military power of the Han people, divided the army and the people in the local areas, and used the Semu people as the helpers to control the Han people. These measures had a great influence on the establishment of centralized politics in Yuan Dynasty and the development of the contradiction between Mongolian, Semu nobles and Han bureaucrats.

Main achievements

strengthen authority

Before and after Li Fen took office, his influence seemed to be limited to Yidu. In the year before Mongolia destroyed the Jin Dynasty, "Jin people descended from the sea (now Lianyungang, Jiangsu), Yi (now Linyi, Shandong), Lai (now Laizhou, Shandong) and Wei (now Weifang, Shandong)" (Taizong, Yuan History), which shows that most of the areas around Yidu were not in the hands of Li Fan group. However, less than ten years later, his influence gradually extended to the East and southeast of Yidu, almost the entire Shandong Peninsula.

According to the tombstone of wanhujiangfang, the general manager of Zhaowuda, in the ninth volume of Muping County annals of the Republic of China (the tombstone was erected in 1255), after the master died in 1240, his eldest son and second son were sent to the Han court by Li Jun, the Prime Minister of Huainan and other provinces in Shandong Province, and the son of Li Quan, the son of xianshaobao He is also the governor of Ninghai Prefecture. It can be seen that the above areas are under the control of Li Fen. However, although he maintained the title of "Xianggong of Shandong Huainan and other provinces", he did not control the border areas of Song Dynasty in Huainan. In 1252, Li Fei captured Haizhou in the north of Song Dynasty and moved the state government back to its former site from Donghai County. In the later period of mengge Khan, he sent troops to attack Lianshui, connected with four cities, and confronted Song Dynasty across the river, directly to Huainan East Road. It is the southernmost line to which Li Fan's forces have reached.

While deliberately expanding his territory, Li took various measures to consolidate and strengthen his actual ruling power over his own territory. During the enfeoffment of bingshen (1236) in wokuotai Dynasty, Yidu minhu was classified as a member of the younger brother of Genghis Khan. Li Fan married the younger sister of Wang TA cha'er, who was the empress of uchijin, after bingshen's enfeoffment. It is an important reason why Li Fen is the most rebellious and unruly among the northern princes to establish the relationship of "dependence of the arm and spleen" with the "Eastern Princes" in the golden family by means of political marriage. Yidu, located at the strategic juncture of the confrontation between the Mongols and the Song Dynasty, was often used by Li Fen Li to "intimidate suspicions and drink falsely, threaten the enemy country to ask for the imperial court, and complete the Yibing plan by himself" (Biography of Li Fen in the history of the Yuan Dynasty). During the period of mengge Khan, many soldiers were enlisted, but Li Fen was not able to make any excuses. However, after he conquered Haizhou, he asked the imperial court to transport the troops from Dongping and other roads, even if the transportation cost was as high as "ten stones to one stone". Within his jurisdiction, he also tried to gradually establish an institutionalized official system, build and abolish the trial court and Confucian temple for many years, and recruit Confucian students, hoping to win the hearts of the people with orderly rule.

Instigate a rebellion

The battle of fishing City

In 1259, mengge Khan died in the front line of Sichuan attacking Song Dynasty. The war between Kublai Khan and Ali Buge brothers for Khan's throne broke out in the golden family. During the reign of the central government, Shizu had to deal with alibuge, who was occupying the northern part of the country. Li Fen obviously wanted to take advantage of this situation to further consolidate his position and rights under Shandong East Road, and his defiant attitude towards the Shizu regime became more and more undisguised. In 1260, Shizu personally marched to the north, "the officials bowed down and walked on mufen". Li Fen kept 70000 or 80000 elite soldiers, but he only took the Song Dynasty as his word, "that is, he would not be the first six armies, and no school would follow him.". After Khan returned to Beijing, the princes made pilgrimages one after another, but Li Fen did not. In the first month of the second year of the central unification (1261), Li Fen, in the name of the imperial Song Dynasty, arbitrarily sent troops to build the capital city defense, built walls with bricks and stones, and dug deep trenches outside. After Mongolia had North China, it was generally forbidden to build city walls on all roads. Li Fen's action was indeed unusual. At that time, horses from all over the north were "bought by both the army and the people", which made them not as good as Li Fen's territory. He sent his subordinates abroad to compete with the government for military horses at a high price. After 1260, Zhongtong banknotes were widely used in the north, but Lianzhou Huizi issued by the Song government was used in the north. He also embezzled the salt class which was accepted by the imperial court and used it to include soldiers. In the early period of the central unification, Shizu had no time to visit the south, so he took the prudent strategy of sending envoys to repair the Song Dynasty, and didn't want to lightly open the border quarrels. However, Li Fen tried to invade the Song Dynasty in huaibian, trying to destroy Hao Jing's life. He had frequent contacts with other northern princes to spy on the situation and criticize the government. Li Fen maintained close communication with his fellow countrymen, his father-in-law and Wang Wentong, the first governor of Zhongshu province. There were some words such as "Ji Jia Zi" in the correspondence between them, which indicated that Li Fen had already revealed his premeditation to Wang Wentong.

In the winter of 1261, Shizu led his army to Mobei again. Li Fen seized the opportunity to instigate a rebellion. Unexpectedly, in December, Shizu was still in Yanjing. But at this time, the army was in disorder, and there was no room for hesitation. At the end of the first month of the third year, he recalled Li Yanjian, the son of Yanjing, who had been sent to Yanjing for a long time. Three or four days later, he killed all the garrison troops in Inner Mongolia and declared that he had offered Lianhai and other cities to the Song Dynasty.

Alarm the government and the public

Before Li Feng's case, the imperial court had already noticed his intention. He Nan he and Zhang Hong and other people once told Shizu in advance that Li Fen would be rebellious. Because the northern part of the Central Plains was not quiet on that day, and the garrison of the Central Plains was empty, Shizu could only offer him special appeasement and appeasement. Between the year of the Yuan Dynasty and the year of the reign of emperor Zhongtong, tingjiafen was the governor of Jianghuai. He gave more than 60 pieces of gold and silver amulets to the governor. In fact, all kinds of special encounters are to stabilize him for the time being. At the beginning of the third year, Li Yanjian fled to Shandong. Shizu immediately called his counselor Yao Shu to predict Li's future. It can be seen that the imperial court has always been highly alert to the situation in Yidu.

According to Yao Shu's judgment, there are three kinds of strategies to choose from after Li's action: "it is the best policy to make Li take advantage of my northern expedition, smash Yan near the sea, shut down and live in mediocrity, and frighten people's hearts; it is the middle policy to make Li's peace with song Lianhe, and make me stop running for help; for example, it is the best policy to send troops to Jinan and wait for Shandong princes to help." Kublai Khan asked "today's thief will be out", Yao Shu flatly replied: "out of the worst." (Biography of Yao Shu in Yuan History)

The development of the situation fully confirms Yao Shu's view.

On February 3, when Li Fen called for chaos, it seemed that he could not be on the line of Lianhe and Haihe. Although he had sent people to South Song Dynasty to accept money in advance, he didn't arrive at Lin'an until early February. The Song court believed that "it is difficult to rely on the false feelings" and asked Li Jianshi to give Lian and hai to show his integrity. Li Fen wrote to the Song court on the 10th day of the lunar new year to ensure that his intention was true. Before and after that, the Song Dynasty officially took over the cities of Lian and Hai, so on the 24th, Li Fen was granted the title of governor of Baoxin Ningwu army, governor of Jingdong Hebei army and king of Qi county. This negotiation shows that before the public rebellion, Li Fen did not get in touch with Song Dynasty; after the rebellion, he hurriedly led his troops north to Yidu and Jinan. From the end of February to may, the song and Huaihe border armies took advantage of Li's rebellion and made frequent attacks in Teng (now Tengxian, Shandong), Xu (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu), PI (now Pixian, Jiangsu) and su (now Suxian, Anhui). Li Fen did not move his troops to the south in order to lean against the song army. It can be seen that he was still playing the old trick of "taking advantage of the enemy country to get the imperial court" when he accepted money from Song Dynasty, and he did not seriously consider the strategy of "making peace with Song Dynasty, and maintaining a lasting negative relationship". On the other hand, not long after he returned to Yidu, he entered Yidu

Chinese PinYin : Li Tan