Li family

Surname Li

According to the official data released by the household administration research center of the Ministry of public security in January 2019, the population of surnamed Li in China will reach 100.9 million in 2018, the second largest in China.

The second largest surname in Song Dynasty. The third largest surname in the yuan and Ming Dynasties.

In the history of China, there are more than 60 people with the surname Li who have been called emperor and king. They have successively established such regimes as Dacheng, Xiliang, Liang, Wu, Wei, Tang, Chu, post Tang, Southern Tang, Dashu, Xixia, Dashun, etc.

Historical development

Origin of surname

There are mainly the following statements about the origin of the surname Li

1. It comes from the surname Ying.

That is to say, the Li family originated from the Ying surname, and its blood ancestor was gaotao (yizuoyao, Ying surname, Yishuo: Ji surname). Gaotao was once appointed as Dali (the official in charge of criminal law) of Shun, so he took the Guanming family as the Li surname ("Li" and "Li" are interlinked with each other), first as the Li surname, and then as the Li surname. The first ancestor of the de surname is Li Lizhen, and Li Er is the 11th generation.

2. Li tree totem said.

That is to say, the surname Li originated from totem worship, with Li Shu as the totem.

Li's surname was Li because he was an official of Dali. Later, Li's surname was Li because he could not avoid Muzi for food. Because it eats wild plum, it is cultivated by Li family to become a family tree, and takes plum as a sacred tree, that is, a totem tree. Therefore, all Li's descendants often plant Li beside their houses as a symbol, and they still keep this habit. In Li Bai's family, there was a peach and plum garden, and in the imperial palace garden of the Tang Dynasty, there were more plum trees.

3、

It comes from the surname Ji

Say.

During the Shang Dynasty, there was a descendant of the same surname of Zhou, named Ba, who lived in zhonglishan (now northwest of Changyang, Hubei). After King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang Dynasty, he granted Ba people to BA (today's Banan District of Chongqing) and called it the state of Ba Zi. In 306 A.D., Ba people established Dacheng state in Sichuan, which is called Chenghan in history. This is the first dynasty established by the surname Li in China.

There is a view that Li's Totem is not a plum tree, but a tiger. The totem of Laozi Li'er in chenchu area is tiger, and "Li'er" is "tiger" in Chu language. When the tiger totem evolved into a surname, Ba people worshipped the surname of Han people, so they used the surname Li according to their pronunciation.

4. It originated from the conferment of the reward surname and the restoration of the Li family.

During the Shu Han period, Zhuge Liang granted the surnames of Zhao, Zhang, Yang and Li to the local minorities after he pacified Ailao Yi;

During the Han and Jin Dynasties, the nomadic minorities in the north were included, and some Huns and Xianbei people were given surnames of Liu and Li;

In the Northern Wei Dynasty, after Xiaowen moved its capital to Luoyang, it carried out a comprehensive policy of Sinicization in culture. The Xianbei people had a multiple surname, chili, and was granted the title of Li.

The Tuoba family of the Xixia royal family was granted the surname Li at the end of the Tang Dynasty. In name, it was given the surname Li. In fact, it was restored because the Tuoba family of the Xixia royal family was descended from the General Li Ling of the Han Dynasty.

During the Tang Dynasty, the royal family gave the ministers or generals the surname of the state. First, they were Xu, Bing, an, Du, Hu, Hong, Guo, Ma, Xianyu, Zhang, Abu, a'di, Sheli, Zhuxie, Dong, Luo and so on. Because of their contributions to the founding of the people's Republic, they took the surname of Li from the royal family of Li Tang. Later, they were given the surnames of Li Kemo, Li Yansheng and Li Xuan and Li Luo from Persia. Later, they were given the surnames of Shatuo, Di, Huihe and Qidan Most of the ethnic minorities, such as Li, Gaoche, Tubo, Jew, Sabbath, Koguryo, Dangxiang and so on, were granted the surname Li because of their merit or attachment.

5. Ethnic minorities changed their surnames.

(1) From

Mongolian

The surname was changed to surname.

For example: 1. The Mongolian liyala family, which originated from the eight banners of Chen Mongolia, originally lived in the qifengling area of Xiuyan, Dandong, and was sometimes cited as a surname by the local Manchu, and the Manchu language was liyala Hala. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Li, the homophonic Chinese character at the beginning of his surname, was taken as his surname. ② The Mongolian balut family lived in Kalaqin (today's Kalaqin banner, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia). Later, the surname was introduced by Manchu, and the Manchu name was barut Hala. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, most of the Han surnames were Li, Bai and su. ③ The zhuobalut family, also known as the zhuobalute family, of the Mongolian nationality, lived in Kalaqin (today's Kalaqin banner, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia). Later, the surname was introduced by Manchu, and the Manchu name was jobalut Hala. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, many Han surnames had the surname Li.

(2) From

Manchu

The surname was changed to surname.

For example: 1. The kuyala family of Manchu, also known as kuiyala family, originated from kuyala Nuzhen, took Bu as the surname and kuyala Hala as the Manchu language. It lived in the East China Sea (today's coastal area of Russia) and other places. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, most of the Han surnames were Li, Hu, Kong, Li, etc. ② The Li Jia family, also known as the Li Jia family, of the Manchu nationality, is known as ligiya Hala and lived in zakumu (now xiayingzi on the West Bank of the yileden River in Xinbin, Liaoning Province). After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, most of the Han surnames were Li and Tong. ③ The lubuli family of the Manchu nationality, also known as the lubuli family and the lilindeli family, is ruburi Hala in the Manchu language. It has lived in Yehe (now Jilin Lishu), Wula (now Yongji in Jilin Province), Changbai Mountain District and other places. Later, it was introduced as a surname by the Chen balhu tribe of Mongolia and lived in wurut (now Xingan League in the South East of Inner Mongolia). After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, most of the Han surnames were Li and sun. ④ The Mu Helin family of the Manchu nationality, known as muhelin Hala in Manchu, lived in Mu Helin for a long time. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the Han surname was Li. ⑤ The muriyalian family of the Manchu nationality originated from feiyaka qiler Nuzhen. The Manchu language is muliyalian Hala, which lived in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, most of the Han surnames were Li, Mu and Lian. ⑥ The sahalian surname of the Manchu is sahalian Hala in Manchu, which means "black" in Chinese. It is one of the surnames of the Manchu people out of the spectrum. Today, it is a surname of the Manchu people in Beijing, living in Xinbin, Liaoning Province. Later, most of the Han surnames are Li, Guo and Lian.

(3) Originated from the Xibo nationality, it belongs to the Han nationality and changed its surname to surname.

The ilali family of Xibo nationality, also known as the ilali, ilali and ilali families, lived in Wula (now Yongji, Jilin Province) and other places. Later, the surname was introduced by the Manchu, which means ilari Hala in Manchu and means "Kai" in Chinese. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the Xibo and Manchu irali surnames were more than the Han surnames, such as Li.

Migration communication

In the pre Qin period, the activities of the surname Li began in Henan, and by the end of the Warring States period, the activities of the surname Li had expanded to Shanxi, Hebei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Hubei and other places. The Qin and Han Dynasties is an important period for the Li family to move to other places. When Qin Shihuang pacified Nanyue and Xi'ou, the surname Li first entered Guangdong and Guangxi. The descendants of Li Er came to Gansu Province and developed into a famous family of Li surname in Longxi. Those living in Hebei Province became the famous family of Li surname in Zhaojun. It reaches Shandong in the East, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Jiangsu in the southeast, South China Sea and Beibu Gulf in the south. The Tang Dynasty is the heyday of the Li family. The Li family in Longxi passed on to 19 emperors in the imperial dynasty, which lasted for 289 years. The Li family is GUI's national name. There are royal relatives and relatives of the Li family everywhere, and the population of the Li family is expanding rapidly. In the early Tang Dynasty, the surname Li began to enter Fujian and Hainan in large numbers. In the Ming Dynasty, the surname Li entered Taiwan.

During the 600 years, the degree and direction of the migration of the Li family were quite different from that of the song, yuan and Ming Dynasties. In particular, the migration from the east to central and North China was greater than that from the north to the southeast. At the same time, the migration to the Southwest and northeast had become an important direction of migration.

The Tang Dynasty was a period of rapid expansion of the Li clan. The Li clan in Zhaojun, Longxi, Li clan in Zhixing, and the descendants of the Tang clan were mostly dignitaries. The polygamy made the Li clan prosperous and became a big family name in the country at that time. However, with the change of the government, in the Tang Dynasty, many people with the surname Li demoted to the south, and many people fled to the whole country to avoid the disaster, which made the surname Li spread all over the country.

After the Tang Dynasty, for various reasons, the surname Li was more frequent and widely distributed. Among them, the largest number of migrants was the southern migration during the "Jingkang change" in the Song Dynasty.

In the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, the change of political power and the "battle of Jingnan" in the Ming Dynasty, the main battlefields were set up in parts of Western Shandong, Hebei and Northern Henan, which lasted for several decades, causing the people to be forced to live and flee, leaving them in a state of destitution.

After the stability of the regime, the Ming government carried out large-scale population migration from Pingyang and Taiyuan in Shanxi Province (the genealogy of Li family, the richest man of Shanxi merchants, can prove the local prosperity and stability), to the barren areas in North China (the genealogy of Jinshi dengkelu in Ming Dynasty and Li family in Yangquan can prove it).

Li's emigration began in the early Ming Dynasty. All the people who went to Ryukyu were Fujianese. They settled in Kumi village, a suburb of Naha city on Okinawa Island. According to Ming Huiyao, in the 25th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty gave Ryukyu "thirty six people from Fujian, who are good at boating, order them to pay tribute to each other", including the surname Li. There were many people surnamed Li who were sent by Ryukyu to the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, after years of war in Sichuan, Zhang De, governor of Sichuan, wrote to the imperial court in 1668, asking the imperial court to mobilize people from all over the country to move to Sichuan. Most of the surnames of Li in Sichuan came from Huguang Baoqing mansion and other places, forming the "Huguang filling Sichuan".

During the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, more Li people emigrated.

population distribution

In the Song Dynasty, there were about 5.6 million people with the surname Li, accounting for 7.2% of the total population of the country, ranking second to the surname Wang in the Song Dynasty. Hebei is the largest province with the surname Li, accounting for about 11.6% of the total population with the surname Li. In the whole country, the distribution is mainly concentrated in Hebei, Sichuan, Henan and Shandong, which account for about 44% of the total population. Secondly, it is distributed in Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Hunan and other places. The whole country has formed a crescent shaped gathering area of the surname Li around the Central Plains, which is composed of three gathering centers of the surname Li: Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Hunan and Jiangxi.

In the Yuan Dynasty, after Wang and Zhang, it was the third largest surname in the Yuan Dynasty. Yuan Yida, a researcher of Institute of genetics and developmental biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, according to the internationally recognized research method of surname frequency, has found that

Chinese PinYin : Li Shi