Li Kaixian

Li Kaixian

Li Kaixian (September 28, 1502 - March 13, 1568), Han nationality, was born in Jinan, Shandong Province. He is a writer and dramatist in Ming Dynasty. Word Bohua, No. Zhonglu Zi, Zhonglu people and Zhonglu Fangke. Jiajing eight years (1529) Jinshi, Li Guan Hubu principal, Li Bu kaogong principal, yuanwailang, doctor, later promoted to governor Siyi Guan Taichang Temple Shaoqing. In the past 20 years, he witnessed the corruption of the government, criticized Xia Yan's cabinet, and was dismissed. He returned to the fields in his prime. "When he was in Longquan, he was still as angry as a rainbow." he hoped that the imperial court would start again, but he refused to go after the powerful, so he could only live in idleness and die. Li Kaixian's literary ideas are close to those of Tang Song school. He highly praised the drama novels which are different from the orthodox poetry and prose, and advocated that the drama language is "both vulgar and elegant" and "clear but not difficult to know".

Biography

Since childhood, he has been intelligent and versatile in music, chess, calligraphy and painting. Jiajing seven years (1528) in the election, the next year Jinshi. He was the head of the Yunnan Department of the Ministry of household affairs and went to Ningxia border defense twice. In view of the serious border problems and the lack of defense, he played a role in the imperial court and proposed to clarify the administration of officials, enrich the country and strengthen the army, and eliminate the border problems, but it did not attract the attention of the imperial court. In the 13th year of Jiajing, he was transferred to Xuzhou to supervise the granary. During his term of office, he vigorously reorganized the grain administration. Because of violating the eunuch's interests, the rectification was resisted and destroyed, and ended in failure. Soon, he was transferred to the Ministry of officials. He successively held the posts of chief of kaogong department, foreign minister, Wenxuan doctor, etc., and was an official to Shaoqing of Taichang temple. In April of the 20th year of emperor Shizong's Jiajing reign, xinchou (1541), a fire broke out in the royal temple. As a Shaoqing of Taichang temple, he was impeached by Zaifu Xia Yan for his responsibility. In this year, guimao (1543), the 22nd year of Jiajing, he was officially removed from office and returned to his native place in Zhangqiu, Shandong Province. After returning to his hometown, Li Kai formed a "Ci society" with his friends in Lvyuan mountain, Zhangqiu, and organized a "Fu Wen Tang CI society". In the 35th year of Jiajing's reign (1556), his collection of idle dwellings was published, including four volumes of poems and eight volumes of articles. He also highly praised folk songs, believing that "real poetry only exists among the people", and successively compiled and engraved such folk song collections as Yanxia Xiaogao and bangzhuangtai Xiaoling. In the eighth year of Jiajing (1529), he became a Jinshi and served in the Ministry of household affairs. He was once transported to Ningxia, where he was deeply touched when he saw the collapse of border defense and serious foreign invasion. On his way back to Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province, he visited Kang Hai and Wang Jiusi, the writers who had been laid off at that time. They were appreciated by them and made friends with each other since then. From the 11th to the 21st year of Jiajing (1532-1542), he successively served as the principal of kaogong department, member of Jixun department, Wen Xuan Si Lang Zhong, Shaoqing of Taichang temple, and once supervised Siyi hall. During this period, he and Wang Shenzhong, Tang Shunzhi, Chen Shu, Zhao Shichun, Xiong Guo, Ren Han, Lu Gao and others sang in harmony in poetry and prose, known as the "eight sons of Jiajing". They opposed the literary style of "literature must be Qin and Han Dynasties, poetry must be prosperous Tang Dynasty", advocated learning from Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu and Zeng Gong, emphasized the ideological content of the works, and required plain and simple writing. Because he criticized Xia Yan and Yan Song, and exposed the political corruption at that time, he was dismissed in 1542 and returned to Zhangqiu's former residence. They built pavilions and gardens at home, formed CI societies, collected opera and folk literature works. In the form of folk ditty at that time, he wrote 100 pieces of Zhonglu Xiaoling, which were widely spread. Wang Jiusi and 100 pieces of them were carved together as a hundred pieces of songs beside the dressing table. In the 26th year of Jiajing period, he wrote the legendary opera "the story of the sword". In his later years, he wrote six books in the form of Jin Yuan and Yuan Yuan Yuan editions, including garden Wu Meng and Da Ya Chan, with the total name of Yi Xiao San. In addition, the popular folk song shanpo sheep was used to write the book "Yanci in the marketplace". He was a famous bibliophile at that time, especially in opera, known as "Ci Shan Qu Hai". Together with his disciples, he deleted 16 kinds of Dingyuan opera.

Main works

The story of the sword is the representative work of Li Kaixian's opera. According to the preface of Su Zhou (No. Xue, fisherman), "tanwo begins, langu succeeds, shanquanweng Zhengzhi, Zhonglu Zicheng." His friends also participated in the creation. There are 52 plays in the whole play, which play the story of Lin Chong in Water Margin, and the plot is greatly changed compared with the novel. Li Kaixian once mentioned "outlaws of the marsh" in "Ci banter". He read this book and created legends based on it. In the story of the sword, he changed the plot. He wrote that Lin Chong went to the original again and again to play Gao Qiu and Tong Guan's collusion with each other and bring disaster to the country and the people. He was framed by Gao Qiu and Tong Guan and mistakenly entered the white tiger hall. He moved the plot of Gao Qiu's son plotting Lin Chong's wife Zhang zhenniang to Lin Chong's marriage, which highlighted the fight between loyalty and adultery in the imperial court. This has something to do with the fact that the author himself was persecuted by his authority and was dismissed from office. His mind was full of injustice. Writing this play is to denounce the dark politics at that time. The protagonist Lin Chong is the most prominent figure in the play. The author mainly describes his thoughts and actions of patriotism and concern for the people. The 37th is a wonderful description of Lin Chong's running at night. It describes Lin Chong's complex psychology of being forced to go to Liangshan, and expresses his husband's grief and indignation that he didn't feel sad because he had tears. Zhang zhenniang's perseverance and Gao Qiu's ferocity are also excellent. Other minor characters, such as Lu Zhishen, Lu Qian and Fu'an, have vague images and less prominent personalities, which are far inferior to novels. Li Kaixian was the first to adapt the story of the outlaws of the marsh into a long legend and write it in a distinctive way. the original version of Yi Xiao San has six kinds, but now there are two kinds: Garden Wu Meng and Da Ya Chan. Another legend, dengtan Ji, has been lost. "Garden afternoon dream" is about a fisherman's dream that Cui YingYing and Li wa quarrel. Hongniang and qiugui, two maids, are also in charge of their own affairs. The center of the dispute is whether the two women are equal. Cui Yingying harbors a prejudice against her family background, thinks highly of her prime minister and despises Li WA, who was once a prostitute. As a result, she is refuted one by one. "Da Ya Chan" describes a butcher breaking the elder's dumb Chan, but the little monk finds that the elder misunderstood his meaning. The two plays are short, witty and unique. Li Kaixian's Sanqu, the most famous one is "Zhonglu Xiaoling" (also known as "bangzhuangtai Baiqu"), which is mixed with indignation and negative thoughts. His poems and essays are included in the collection of idle living. Among them, there are works concerned with current affairs, such as the summer news of Japanese newspaper, the line of Bian Bao, the song of Sai Shang, and so on. There are also some biographies written by the writers at that time, which truly reflect their behavior and ideological style, such as biography of Li Kongtong, biography of He Da, biography of King Zunyan participating in politics, biography of emperor Jingchuan, biography of Duishan Kangxiu, biography of King Jianpi, biography of the four sons of King Kangwang, etc. The collection of Li Kaixian collected Li Kaixian's extant poems, prose, Sanqu and drama works (among which duanfaji only selected dewu divorce), and his miscellaneous works CI Huo, Hua pin and Shi Chan, which were published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1954. The legend of the sword has the original edition of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty, which is included in the first collection of ancient opera series. It was published by the literature and ancient books publishing house in 1959. Duanfaji was published in shidetang of Wanli in Ming Dynasty.

Chess attainments

Li Kaixian was also a chess master, and he had no opponent in his whole life. Although he was obsessed with chess since he was a child, chess was only a sideline for him, but his chess skills made those professional chess players all over the world at that time, and he wrote many poems to describe the scenes when playing chess. For example, Wu Juyin and Wu Shengfu wrote: "although the players of Yunguo push you together, the powerful soldiers of yunnai have only me.". Every time you give up three, you can't make it. Wu Juyin and Wu Shengfu were famous chess players at that time. Li Kaixian gave them three first. They were not rivals at all. They could not win one or two games even if they were given one. Chen Zhen, a native of Yanjing, was a famous chess player at that time. He once defeated Zhang Xiqiu, another famous chess master, and made a sensation all over the world. But Li Kaixian's chess skill is better than Chen Zhen, who is famous all over the world. He often spared him when he played. Even so, after a year's fighting, Chen Zhen always lost a lot. She could only play a few games and never won Li Kaixian's game. At that time, some people praised him: only this skill, can be high ancient and modern. Li Kaixian summed up his practical experience of chess in the song of post chess, collected some basic theories, and put forward such doggerel like verses as "don't walk on the cliff, it's an important place to live"; "potential has size, you can be good at the time"; "the stronger I am, the weaker I avoid the front, I'm less, the more people advocate the potential", etc. He emphasized that "the gun at the head can startle the crowd, and the chariot with ribs can break through the encirclement." he thought that the layout of the gun at the head was superior to other layouts. Li Kaixian also paid special attention to the role of soldiers in actual combat: "in another round, when the soldiers are at the head, the enemy will be the obstacle, and our division will block it. Go on and on, trying to be the first. He indulged in feud and recovered, and sympathized with the weak Xing Qian. When you see the sun in the dusk, Mars gives birth to lotus. If you go out, you can break the barrier; if you go in, you can cut the barrier. The forbidden son is like the pressure of Mount Tai, and the success of a family is like the safety of a rock. " This conclusion is consistent with the theory of using pawn of Baji Ren, a chess player of the late Qing Dynasty. This is the result of the highest level of chess skill and the highest level of chess power.

Character influence

Li Kaixian's "three good" in his life: one is good at opera, two is good at collecting books, and three is good at making friends. It has changed hundreds of volumes of Dingyuan people's zaju, made six kinds of Zaju (garden Wu Meng) in the form of Jin Yuan Yuan Yuan Yuanben, and wrote the theoretical work of drama "Ci Huo". His Sanqu Zhonglu Xiaoling was widely spread. At that time, there were people singing everywhere in the countryside, and as many as 84 celebrities wrote "postscript" for it. His legendary drama is represented by the story of the sword. The story of Lin Chong is one of the three important legends in the middle of Ming Dynasty, which has a great influence on the contemporary and later drama circles. Li Kai has a good mind

Chinese PinYin : Li Kai Xian