Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve

Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve is located in Tongtian Hanoi, Yushu. The source of the Yangtze River, known as the natural Germplasm Resource Bank of Alpine organisms, has the most significant biodiversity characteristics in the high altitude areas of the world. The Sanjiangyuan region has a unique and typical alpine ecosystem, which is a typical representative of the alpine environment in Central Asia plateau and the alpine grassland in the world. The vegetation types are coniferous forest, broad-leaved forest, mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest, shrub, meadow, grassland, swamp and aquatic vegetation, cushion vegetation and sparse vegetation, which can be divided into 14 formations and 50 formations. There are three national second-class protected plants in the area, including Picea Youmai, Artemisia ordosica and Cordyceps sinensis, 31 orchid plants listed in Appendix II of the international trade convention, and 34 provincial key protected plants in Qinghai. There are 85 species of wild animals, 237 species of birds (including 263 subspecies), 48 species of amphibians and reptiles. There are 69 species of national key protected animals, including 16 species of Tibetan antelope, wild yak and snow leopard, and 35 species of rock sheep and Tibetan gazelle.

Qinghai Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve

synonym

Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve generally refers to Qinghai Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve

Qinghai Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve is located in the hinterland of Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the south of Qinghai Province. Its geographical location is between 89 ° 24 ′～ 102 ° 23 ′ E and 31 ° 39 ′～ 36 ° 16 ′ n. Qinghai Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve is a wetland type nature reserve. The total area is 395000 square kilometers. The main protected objects of Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve in Qinghai Province are Tibetan antelope, snow leopard, orchids and so on.

Historical evolution

On July 22, 2000, President Jiang Zemin inscribed the name of Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve in Qinghai Province.

On July 18, 2005, Qinghai Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve was put into operation

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On December 18, 2013, the executive meeting of the State Council decided to expand the scope of governance.

geographical environment

Geology and geomorphology

Qinghai Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve is the birthplace of the Yangtze River, Yellow River and Lancang River,

The lowest altitude is 3335 meters, the highest is 6564 meters, and the relative elevation difference is 3229 meters. The lowest altitude is located on the Jinsha River in the southeast of Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, with an average altitude of about 4400 meters. The central, Western and northern parts of China are in the original state of mountains, with little undulation, not deep cutting, and many broad and flat beaches. Due to the gentle terrain, long glacial period, and poor drainage, a large area of swamp is formed. In the mountainous and gorge area in the southeast, the cutting is strong, the relative height difference is more than 1000 meters, the terrain is steep, and the slope is more than 30 degrees.

climate

The climate in Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve belongs to the climate system of Qinghai Tibet Plateau, which is a typical continental climate of plateau, characterized by alternation of cold and hot seasons, distinct dry and wet seasons, small annual temperature difference, large daily temperature difference, long sunshine time, strong radiation and no four seasons. The cold season is controlled by the Qinghai Tibet cold high, which lasts for seven months with low heat, less precipitation and strong sandstorm; the warm season is affected by the southwest monsoon, which produces thermal pressure, rich water vapor and more precipitation. Due to the high altitude, the air in most areas is thin and the plant growth period is short.

The annual average temperature is - 5.6 ~ 3.8 ℃. The average temperature of the hottest month in July is 6.4 ~ 13.2 ℃, and the extreme maximum temperature is 28 ℃; the coldest month in January is - 6.6 ~ 13.8 ℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is - 48 ℃. The annual average precipitation is 262.2-772.8 mm, of which the precipitation from June to September accounts for 75% of the annual precipitation, while the proportion of night precipitation is 55% - 66%. The annual evaporation is 730-1700mm. The percentage of sunshine is 50-65%, the annual sunshine hours is 2300-2900 hours, and the annual radiation is 5500-6800 MJ / m2. Sandstorm days are generally about 19 days, up to 40 days. The annual average precipitation is 262.2-772.8 mm. The precipitation from June to September accounts for about 75% of the annual precipitation. The proportion of night rain is 55% - 66%. The annual evaporation is 730-1700 mm. The percentage of sunshine is 50-65%. The annual radiation is 5500-6800 MJ / m2. The number of sandstorm days is generally 19 days and the maximum is 40 days.

soil

The soil of Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve in Qinghai province belongs to the mountain soil flora of Southern Qinghai Plateau. The plastic film formed by the soil matrix is relatively primitive and the soil forming time is short. Most of the soil in the area is thin, coarse texture, poor water retention performance, low fertility, and easy to be eroded and cause soil erosion. With the altitude from high to low, the soil types are alpine cold desert soil, alpine meadow soil, alpine grassland Among them, alpine meadow soil is the main one, swamp meadow soil is also common, and permafrost is very developed. Swamp soil, fluvo aquic soil, peat soil and aeolian sandy soil are hidden soil.

hydrology

Qinghai Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve is the highest, largest and most concentrated area in the world with dense rivers, numerous lakes and swamps, and snow mountains and glaciers. The total area of wetland is 73300 square kilometers, accounting for 24% of the total area of the reserve.

rivers

There are more than 180 rivers of different sizes, covering an area of 0.16 square kilometers. The outflow river is mainly composed of Tongtian River, Yellow River and Lancang River (the upper reaches are called Zhaqu), and its tributaries are composed of Yalong River, Dangqu River, kariqu River, ziqu River and Jiequ river. The total area of the basin is 237957 square kilometers, the average annual total discharge is 1022.3 cubic meters per second, the annual total runoff is 32.417 billion cubic meters, and the theoretical hydropower reserve is 5.427 million kilowatts.

lake

The source area of the three rivers is a multi Lake area, with nearly 1800 lakes of different sizes. There are 188 natural lakes with water area of more than 0.5 square kilometers, with a total area of 5100 square kilometers. Among them, there are 148 freshwater lakes and brackish lakes with salinity below 1-3g / L, with a total area of 2623 square kilometers. There are 28 salt lakes with a total area of 1480 square kilometers, and the salinity is more than 35g / L. Zhaling lake, Eling Lake and Maduo lake are listed in the list of important wetlands in China. Among them, Zaling lake and Eling Lake are the two largest freshwater lakes on the main stream of the Yellow River, which have huge water regulation function.

swamp

Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve has a harsh environment and unique types of natural marshes. There are large marshes at the source of the Yellow River, Tuotuo River, chumar River, Dangqu River and Lancang River of the Yangtze River. It has become the largest natural marsh distribution area in China, with a total area of 66600 square kilometers. The basic type of swamp is Kobresia bog in northern Tibet, most of which are peat bogs, only a small part of which are non peat bogs.

Snow mountain glacier

There are 2400 square kilometers of snow mountains and glaciers in the source of the three rivers, with a glacier resource reserve of 200 billion cubic meters. Modern glaciers are all continental mountain glaciers. The total area of glaciers is 1247 square kilometers, and the annual melting amount of glaciers is about 9.89 cubic meters.

groundwater

The groundwater resources in the source area of the three rivers are also rich. The groundwater storage in Yushu prefecture alone is about 11.5 billion cubic meters. Groundwater belongs to mountainous area, and its distribution characteristics are mainly bedrock fissure water and clastic rock pore water. The groundwater recharge mode is mainly vertical recharge of precipitation and melting water of ice and snow.

Regional scope

Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve is located in the hinterland of Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the south of Qinghai Province. Its geographical location is between 89 ° 24 ′ - 102 ° 23 ′ E and 31 ° 39 ′ - 36 ° 16 ′ n.

Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve is a relatively complete network of six regions within the scope of Sanjiangyuan. The total area of the reserve is from 152000 square kilometers It covers an area of 395000 square kilometers, with plateau wetland ecosystem, alpine meadow and wild animals and plants as the main protection objects, accounting for 21% of the total area of Qinghai Province and 42% of the total area of Sanjiangyuan area. It spans 16 counties and 1 Township in Qinghai Province, involving Maduo, Maqin, Gande, Jiuzhi, Bama and dari counties in Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture; Chengduo, Zaduo, Zhiduo and Qudu counties in Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture There are 16 counties and one township in Malai, Nangqian and Yushu, Xinghai and Tongde in Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Zeku and Henan in Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, and Tanggulashan Township under the jurisdiction of Golmud City in Haixi Tibetan and Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture. The administrative division consists of 69 incomplete towns.

The core area of the nature reserve is 31218 square kilometers, accounting for 20.5% of the total area of the nature reserve, the buffer area is 39242 square kilometers, accounting for 25.8% of the total area of the nature reserve, and the experimental area is 81882 square kilometers, accounting for 53.7% of the total area of the nature reserve.

Preliminary zoning

There are 25 core areas in the reserve, including 8 wetland core areas and 10 wetland core areas

Chinese PinYin : San Jiang Yuan Zi Ran Bao Hu Qu