Kaidu River

Kaidu River

Kaidu River (Mongolian "Kaidu gol") is one of the major rivers in Xinjiang. It is also a famous inland river. The river basin includes Hejing, Heshuo, Yanqi, Bohu and other counties. Generally speaking, it is in Hejing county (turhute, Mongolia). It is the main upstream of Kongque River (flowing to Kongque River through Bosten Lake). Kaidu River has a total length of more than 500 kilometers and a drainage area of 22000 square kilometers (in Bayinbuluke grassland), with a total drop of 1750 meters and an average annual runoff of 3.362 billion cubic meters.

Name Relationship: the huite tribe of Mongolia in Ming Dynasty nomadic here, called it kaiduguole, namely Kaidu River, the East River called wulastai River, later mainly the turhute tribe of Mongolia lived in this area, these two rivers, according to the historical records of the early and middle Qing Dynasty, were called big and small zhuleduosi River according to the ancient western region data.

In the West are Mt. Huola and Dina River in Luntai County.

Origination

Kaidu River: it is called "Kaidu gol" in the language of huite tribe of Mongolia in Ming Dynasty (Kaidu describes the gentle and winding Miaoman posture, and gol is the river), which originates from the alming mountain of Tianshan mountain system. Later, the turhute tribe of Mongolia mainly lived in this area, which was called kaiduguole.

Name Relationship: the huite tribe of Mongolia in the Ming Dynasty was nomadic here. It was called kaiduguole, that is, Kaidu River. The river in the East was called wulastai river. These two rivers were called big and small zhuleduosi River according to the data of ancient western regions in the historical records of the early and middle Qing Dynasty.

Wrong saying: some people say that there are big and small zhuledus rivers in Shangyuan, which meet in the west of Yanqi Hui Autonomous County and are called Kaidu River. In fact, one name is based on the data of the ancient western regions, and the other name (Kaidu River) is the huite language of Mongolia. How could it be so mixed at that time? On the official map of Hejing County, the Kaidu River is distinguished from the river in the East, which is called wurastai river. Both of them are Mongolian huite language, and there is no mixture of the two languages.

The river is in Mongolian, because the Mongolians have lived here for hundreds of years, and the name of the basin mainly uses the name of the ancient western regions, which is called the big and small uledus basin.

It flows into Bosten Lake in the southeast with a total length of 610 km and an annual runoff of 3.38 billion cubic meters. The river is the legendary "Tongtian River" in the mythical novel Journey to the West. It is said that the "shaijing island" where Tang Monk learned scriptures is located in Hejing County, full of mystery. The national famous Bayinbuluke Swan Lake Reserve is located in the high mountain basin of the upper reaches of the river. In spring, the willows on both sides of the river are new, and the grass is green. It is a good time for outing. In summer, the trees on both sides of the river are verdant, the water is green, and the sky is the same color. The sandbars are like emeralds inlaid in the green waves. The shrubs and grass on the sandbars are dense, and the birds are falling, chirping and singing. This is a good place for summer leisure. In winter, the Kaidu River has become a natural "skating rink", with groups of men, women and children who love skating active. The scene on the ice is steaming and has a unique flavor. The estuary of Kaidu River flowing into Bosten Lake is called big estuary, which is an important part of national 5A scenic spot Bosten Lake.

source

The source of Kaidu River is more than 4000 meters above sea level. It is a river with mixed supply of snow and ice melt water and rainwater. Among the annual runoff sources of Kaidu River, snow, glacier and groundwater supply account for a large proportion. The source water of Kaidu River is not big, but along the way, with the confluence of 12 tributaries, such as Bayinguoleng River and yilekesi River, it has changed from gurgling stream to vast and magnificent.

The source of Kaidu River is shrouded by clouds and mist, especially in midsummer. The water is warm in yunya, and it is difficult to distinguish the clouds and water, as if the river had fallen from the sky. The upper reaches of the Kaidu River are from the little uledus basin, through bayinbruck, to the great uledus basin, with gentle flow, wide valley, and lush pasture all around. It is an excellent natural pasture. Especially in the flat and vast grassland of the little uledus basin, the Kaidu River meanders, forming a magnificent scene of nine bends and eighteen bends. That appearance, like a capital mongolian character, has a supernatural aura.

Swan Lake

The unique River geography has created the largest wetland in Xinjiang, among which is the famous Swan Lake. Swan Lake is a high mountain lake, more than 30 kilometers long from east to west, 10 kilometers wide from north to south, covering an area of more than 300 square kilometers. Surrounded by icebergs and snow peaks, it is an ideal habitat for swans and birds.

Swans can be called the hereditary nobles in Bayinbuluke grassland. They come back from the south in groups in April every year. The scenery is as magnificent as jade falling from nine days. Swans do not want to go when they come. They are attached to the peaceful and beautiful environment here, happily looking for their favorite partners, breeding, feeding their young, and teaching them to swim, forage, fly and migrate.

Ethnic distribution in the river basin

The Kaidu River flows slowly from west to East through ulangen, moistening Bayinbuluke, the second largest alpine grassland in China. At the same time, it also nurtures ancient ethnic groups such as Gushi, Yueshi, Hun, Turk, Xianbei, tiele, Rouran, Huihe, Wasi, Junggar and modern ethnic groups such as Menggu and Kazak.

In fact, Kaidu River Basin has been an important area for human survival and reproduction since ancient times. There were human activities as early as the microlithic age. During the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the dunhong people were nomadic here. From the Western Han Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, many ancient ethnic groups, such as the Huns and Turks, had set up their teeth tents in the Kaidu River Basin and fought to take them away. Conquering, expelling and being conquered, migrating, like a horse, galloping, jumping and shuttling back and forth on the four seasons grassland.

In the Ming Dynasty, the huite tribe of Mongolia was nomadic here. Because of the gentle and winding posture of the river, it was called Kaidu River, which has been followed up to now.

In 1771, the Mongolian turhute tribe returned to the motherland from the Volga River Basin, and wrote a magnificent history of patriotic poetry. The mother of the motherland took the Wanderers from afar into her arms with the magnanimity of embracing all rivers and seas -- the Qing government placed the turhute tribe returning to the East in Bayinbuluke grassland for nomadic.

The grassland on both sides of Kaidu River is a place for nurturing the mind. Floating boat in the sea, Mount Tianshan immediately, horse driver and galloping horse show the bravery of wabashi Khan leading his troops back to the East in those years, and Matouqin tells the hard journey of the way back. The reinless horses gallop on the boundless grassland, and the herdsmen jump and somersault on the horse's back, throwing the rope to the galloping horse again and again. This kind of thrilling and magnificent momentum often strongly shakes our hearts.

Today, the grassland that the Kaidu River flows through is a shocking picture. The white yurt smoke on both sides of the river rises, a stirring song "Mongolian" rings out on the grassland at dusk, and the tearful movement of horse head Qin gradually melts into the afterglow of the setting sun in the fragrance of milk tea.

hydrography

The topography of Kaidu River Basin is high in the northwest, low in the southeast and inclined from northwest to Southeast. The whole basin can be roughly divided into three different types. Among them, the upstream section wandered more than 200 kilometers in the grassland and pastoral areas, passed through the elbin Ulu mountains, reached the west of the great uledus basin, turned southeast, and then passed through the gorge.

The bayerji section from hustaixili to Shankou is the middle valley section, with a total length of about 164 km. The current is turbulent, and the water energy resources are mainly concentrated in this section. When the river flows through hustaixili, the mountains on both sides of the river approach, and the East and West cliffs face each other in the air. The average width of the valley is 200 meters, and the width of the water surface is generally 50-80 meters. Along the way, there are many mountains and steep cliffs on both sides of the river, forming a magnificent rapids and dangerous shoals. The canyon section in the middle reaches is the mixed supply area of rainwater and snowmelt water of Kaidu River, which converges rapidly and is the main source of flood of Kaidu River.

Yanqi plain section is the downstream section below the mountain pass. After the river flows out of Dashankou, the water level is gentle, passing through the hills in front of the mountain, passing through Yanqi plain, and flowing into Bosten Lake. This section is 126 km long.

Today, there are dried up ancient river channels on the Gobi of Mt. Huola, as well as the remains of Kaidu River. According to shuijingzhu: in the Han Dynasty. Kaidu River flows from the west to the East and is divided into two rivers. One flows southward to the west of Yuanqu city (the capital of Yanqi state in the Han Dynasty) and then turns southeast to Bosten Lake; the other flows southward into Bosten Lake by bypassing the left and right sides of Yuanqu city. At that time, Yuanqu City, the capital of Yanqi state, was located in the upper reaches of Kaidu River, along the Huola mountain to the East, along the 9 cities. After several wars, the urban area was destroyed, and the flood water was diverted. The ancient river was abandoned and later fixed as today's river. With the formation of the new river, people moved to the present urban area.

There are now five hydrological stations on the Kaidu River, namely Bayinbuluke, shanchentuohai, baierji, Yanqi and baolangsumu. According to the statistical analysis of data for many years, shanchentuohai hydrological station is the upstream water control station of Kaidu River, and its water volume accounts for 71.8% of the total water volume of Kaidu River; the annual runoff of new confluence between shanchentuohai hydrological station and baierji hydrological station in the middle Valley accounts for 28.2%; the annual average runoff of baierji hydrological station is 3.34 billion cubic meters, and there are agriculture on both sides of the river below baierji hydrological station The average annual runoff at Yanqi hydrological station decreased by 17.1%.

Kaidu River is a river with less sediment, especially the upper river valley is open, the slope is small, and the sediment concentration in the upper river is smaller than that in the lower river due to the natural good grassland vegetation. It is an excellent irrigation and industrial water resource.

Kaidu River has a potential of 1.4 million kilowatts. Especially in the middle valley section of 126 km, the drop is 1

Chinese PinYin : Kai Dou He