Gaoyou Lake

Gaoyou Lake

Gaoyou Lake, formerly known as Fanliang lake, is also known as Xinkai lake. Across Gaoyou City, Baoying County, Jinhu County of Jiangsu Province and Tianchang City of Anhui Province, it belongs to the Huaihe River Basin. The Huaihe River flows into the river through the lake and finally reaches the Yangtze River. The total water area is 760.67 square kilometers (average water area), second only to Taihu Lake and Hongze Lake, which is the third largest lake in Jiangsu Province. The general water level is 5.55 meters deep. It is a low-lying lake with wide water surface, beautiful environment and rich products. Gaoyou Lake hairy crabs, Gaoyou Lake lobster is one of the famous species, the production of fish and shrimp is also very large.

Gaoyou Lake is the only access to the river of Tianchang waterway. In China, there are abundant aquatic products such as turtles, shrimps and crabs, which are also famous for producing ducks.

Location context

Gaoyou Lake is located in the middle of Jiangsu Province and the east of Anhui Province, between 119 ° 06 '- 119 ° 25'e and 32 ° 42' - 33 ° 41'n. It is located in Gaoyou County, Baoying County, Jinhu County of Jiangsu Province and Tianchang City of Anhui Province. The lake is 48 km long and 28 km wide. The general elevation of the lake bottom is 4.5m. When the water level is 6 meters, the water area is 700 square kilometers; when the water level is 5.70 meters, the water area is 650 square kilometers; when the water level is 9 meters, the water area is 780 square kilometers. The water conservancy department of Gaoyou City recorded a total area of 760.67 square kilometers. The water area in Tianchang is about 70 square kilometers, and that in Gaoyou is 431.5 square kilometers, accounting for 55.3%.

Before the founding of the people's Republic of China, Gaoyou Lake had a large capacity. According to historical records, in the 32nd year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, when the water level of the lake was 7.99 meters, it could store 5.1 billion Li meters of water. However, in the process of development and evolution, the lake bottom was constantly silted up due to the continuous acceptance of the sediment carried by the rivers into the lake and the deposition of various biological residues in the lake. The average true height of the lake bottom was 3 meters in 1913, and it had reached 4 meters in the early 21st century. The original true height of some river troughs was silted from 1 meter to 4 meters. In 1956, there were 17000 mu of gongtan and 23000 mu of gongtan in 1961. Within five years, it expanded to 6000 mu, thus reducing its volume. At the beginning of the 21st century, when the water level is 8.00 meters, it can store 2.620 billion cubic meters of water, and when the water level is 6 meters, it can store 1.08 billion cubic meters of water.

Name evolution

There are many names of Gaoyou Lake in history. The name of Gaoyou Lake first appeared in the early years of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Gaoyou's yundao was only Fanliang Lake (Fanliang Lake) mentioned in shuijingzhu and Jinhu Lake (Jieshou Lake renamed in Yuan Dynasty) mentioned in Weishu, which gradually increased. Since the Song Dynasty, in order to increase the water source of water transport, the lake surface increased, and in the early years of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, the name of Gaoyou Lake appeared. Until the Republic of China, the original names of 11 lakes such as Xinkai, Jiangli, Wushe, Qili, pinga, Zhuhu, Wuan, Zhangliang, Tangxia, Ebei and Shijiu were preserved.

In addition, Shen Kuo's MengXiBiTan in Song dynasty recorded that Zhuguang (Pearl of clam) once appeared in Yushe lake, so later generations also called Gaoyou Lake Zhuhu. There is also the name of Xinkai lake, whose origin remains to be determined.

Types and causes

Gaoyou Lake belongs to the fluvial depression type. These lakes evolved from rivers. Before the Hongze Lake and Gaoyou Lake became lakes, there were many small lakes. For example, in Hongze Lake area, there were pofujian lake, Fuling lake, baishuitang lake, Nidun lake, Wanjia lake, Chengzi lake and so on. In Gaoyou Lake area, there were 36 lakes of different sizes according to the records of Gaoyou Huzhou in 1813. It is a "beaded" small lake group. These lakes are located in the lower reaches of the Huaihe River. In 1128, in the second year of Jianyan period of the Southern Song Dynasty, Du Chong stayed in Tokyo and left the Yellow River at ligudu to enter the Huaihe River to stop Jinbing. Since then, the Yellow River has entered the Huaihe River from Si. The Yellow River flooded to the South and took the Huaihe River into the sea, so that the Huaihe River could not return to the sea and flooded everywhere. The name of Hongze can't be found in ancient books. Since emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty took a boat to visit the south of the Yangtze River, he passed through the broken cauldron stream. When there was heavy rain, he changed the name of broken cauldron stream to hongzepu, and the name of Hongze Lake came from it. Tingxi Lake recorded in the old county annals of Tianchang is one of the small lakes before the formation of Gaoyou Lake. There was no way out for the Huaihe River to the East, and Hongze Lake could not hold all the Huaihe River. Therefore, it flowed southward along the terrain and flooded gaobao area. Many small lakes in this area became huge floods, forming Gaoyou Lake and Baoying Lake.

Main tributaries

The main rivers into Gaoyou Lake are Sanhe (Huaihe River Channel) and Baita River, tonglong River and Xinkai River in Tianchang County, Anhui Province. The lake water is discharged into Shaobo Lake through nanduangtai sluice, xinwanggang sluice, Xingang sluice, laowanggang sluice, Yangzhuang sluice and Maogang sluice, and finally into the Yangtze River.

Upstream water system

The channel of Huaihe River is in the lower reaches of Hongze Lake in the west of Jiangsu Province. In 1707, in the 45th year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, three leading rivers were opened at Wuba, south of Zhouqiao, and six river embankments were built, which was called "three rivers and six piles". In 1814, three diversion rivers, Renyi and Li, were excavated at the gate of the present Sanhe river. After leaving the lake, there are many twists and turns of branches, reaching Baima Lake in the north, Gaoyou Lake and Shaobo Lake in the south, entering the Li canal through Jiangdu liuzha, and then out of Jinwan River, Fenghuang River, Taiping River and other five rivers, going south from Mangdao River and liaojiagou to SANJIANGYING and entering the Yangtze River. In flood season, the dike often breaks and invades eastward, causing serious damage. In 1956, Baima Lake levee was built to prevent water damage. In 1958, the Fenghuang river embankment was built and Dongfeng sluice was built. Wanfu sluice was built in liaojiagou in 1962. In 1969, Sanhe barrage, Dashanzi dike and Huainan dike were built, which made the new Sanhe river diversion into Gaoyou Lake and no longer endanger Baoying Lake area. After dredging Guijiang river, 10 abandoned grass dams and building control sluice. The upper section of the river course into Gaoyou Lake is 55 km long and 2-3 km wide, starting from Sanhe Sluice, passing gongheji, Licheng, Shigang and Jingou dashijian in Jinhu County; the middle section from Gaoyou Lake to liuzha of Shaobo lake is 55 km long; the lower section from liuzha flows into Mangdao River, liaojiagou and Jiajiang to SANJIANGYING and flows into the Yangtze River through Yunyan, Jinwan, Taiping, Fenghuang and Xinhe. In addition, sluice gates and supporting works will be built on Jinwan River and Taiping River, with a maximum discharge of 12000 m3 / s. It is the largest flood discharge channel in the lower reaches of Huaihe River.

The main stream of the new and old Baita rivers originates from the Changshan mountain in Lai'an county, and flows into Gaoyou Lake through Banta, Chajian, Shiliang, Hucheng bridge, etc. The old Baita river was called Shiliang River and Shiliang stream in the Northern Dynasties, Xiaa River in the Tang Dynasty, Shiliang River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Nanshan River in the early Republic of China, and later Baita river. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, a new river was opened in Shiliang, passing through HUANGJIAHU lake, dongrenhu lake and qianjiajian lake, and entering Gaoyou Lake by crossing Hezhuang lake, Liubei lake and heitanggeng lake. After the opening of the new river, the old Baita river below Shiliang became the inner river of Yihu lake. According to the statistics in 1983, the length of new and old baitahe county is 82 km. The new Baita river basin covers an area of 970 square kilometers with a riverbed width of 92 meters; the old Baita river basin covers an area of 60 square kilometers with a riverbed width of 12 meters.

Tonglong River, formerly known as Tongcheng River, was called Beishan river at the beginning of the Republic of China. Originating in Xuyi county, Jiangsu Province, it joins Tongcheng Town at xisanliqiao via Datong and Anle reservoirs, flows into baijiadang via Longgang, and connects with Gaoyou Lake. The total length is 52.5 km. The basin covers an area of 426 square kilometers and the river bed is 60 meters wide.

Yangcun River, originated in Zhangpu Township, Tianchang County, flows into Yihu Lake through yueshui reservoir and connects with Baita River, with a total length of 32 kilometers, a drainage area of 230 square kilometers and a riverbed width of 22 meters.

Chuanqiao river is Baiyang River in Ming Dynasty, which is Yuwang River in old records. Originating in Maji, Liuhe County, Jiangsu Province, it flows through chuanqiao and Gaofeng reservoirs, then flows into Qiliqiao, flows into HUANGJIAHU lake, and connects with Baita river. The total length is 28.4km, the drainage area is 279km2, and the riverbed is 30m wide.

Qinlan River, originating from Hengshan, Yizheng county and Tianchang County, Jiangsu Province, converges to qinlan through Guanqiao and Jiaojian reservoirs, with a total length of 33 kilometers, a drainage area of 299 square kilometers and a riverbed width of 15 meters.

Wangqiao river originates from the northern foot of Hengshan Mountain in Tianchang County, passes Gangchen, Bianqiao, Wangqiao and baolinsi huiwuqiao River to Yanghu lake, and then to Gaoyou Lake. It has a total length of 18.5 kilometers and a drainage area of 146 square kilometers.

Yilong river is a new man-made river after the founding of the people's Republic of China. Because the bottom of tonglong River entering Gaoyou Lake is silted up, when the water level is low, water can not be diverted from Gaoyou Lake for irrigation, and the silt is too deep to dredge. From laobaita River to Yilong sluice, through Yihu lake, an artificial river is excavated through Longgang to tonglong River, which is called Yilong River, about 7 km long.

Baidang lake, formerly known as Baima Lake, is located in the northeast of Tianchang county. It connects with Gaoyou Lake and receives water from tonglong River and Lilong river. Its catchment area is 426 square kilometers and its surface is 14.5 square kilometers.

Huangjia lake, also known as Huangque lake, was formerly known as Wanshou Lake (Wansui Lake). In the west of the county, it is the downstream flood area of Baita and chuanqiao rivers. Because the elevation of the lake is more than 6 meters, there is no water in spring and winter, and it is full of Herba Siegesbeckiae, so it is also called Herba Siegesbeckiae lake. The lake covers an area of 6.4 square kilometers and its catchment area is 842.6 square kilometers.

Yihu lake, formerly known as nihu lake, was renamed Yihu Lake in Ming Dynasty. It is located 10 kilometers east of the county's north. It belongs to the Baita and Yangcun river system, with a surface area of 19 square kilometers and a catchment area of 230 square kilometers. It is rich in fish and shrimp, water chestnut and Euryale ferox.

Yanghu lake, 15 kilometers to the east of the county, flows from chengwangqiao and Wuqiao rivers into Gaoyou Lake, covering an area of 11 square kilometers. It is rich in fish, shrimp, water chestnut, lotus root and other aquatic products.

Chinese PinYin : Gao You Hu