Mangshan mausoleum group

Mang Mountain, also known as Beimang, lies on the north side of Luoyang and is the branch of Gushan Mountain. It stretches more than 190 kilometers from east to west, with an altitude of about 250 meters. Mang Mountain is a natural barrier to the north of Luoyang, and also a strategic military area. Bai Juyi's poem: "Beimang tomb is high and steep.". As the saying goes: "born in Suzhou and Hangzhou, dead in Beimang.".

Mang Mountain is also the ideal burial place for ancient emperors. Its highest peak is cuiyunfeng. To the north of today's urban area, there is the emperor temple of Tang Xuanyuan. In ancient times, there were many trees, green as clouds. Zhang Ji, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, said in his poem, "if you don't get rid of your worries about living in the city, please travel to mang in the north for a while.". In the evening, the lights of every family are like stars in the sky. "Mangshan evening view" is known as one of the "eight sceneries of Luoyang" (Longmen mountain scenery, Masi bell, Tianjin Xiaoyue, Luopu autumn wind, tongtuo dusk rain, Jingu Chunqing, Mangshan evening view, Pingquan pilgrimage).

At the western end of Mang Mountain is the Yangshao cultural site, which is a symbol of human civilization in the middle reaches of the Yellow River during the Neolithic period. Mangshan mausoleum is a large national cultural relic protection unit in China, and also one of the areas where ancient mausoleums are concentrated in the world.

There are more than a dozen tombs of emperors in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty and the Northern Wei Dynasty, as well as the accompanying tombs of royal families and ministers. The total number of tombs is more than 1000. It is an ancient tomb from the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-220) to the Three Kingdoms (AD 220-280).

Mangshan mausoleum group

Mangshan mausoleum group, national key cultural relics protection unit

Located in Luoyang City and Mengjin County, Henan Province, it is about 50 km long from east to west and 20 km wide from south to north.

Mangshan mausoleum tombs include Mengjin and Yanshi, Xigong District, Laocheng District and Luolong District, covering more than 20 towns. The mausoleum group extends from jiuliuao village, Changbao Township, Mengjin County to Yangzhong village, Hongshan Township, suburb of Luoyang City in the west, and from Guangming Village, Shanhua Town, Yanshi City to Zhongyi village, Shanhua town in the East. Mangshan mausoleum covers an area of 756 square kilometers, with more than 970 large earth sealed tombs and hundreds of thousands of ancient tombs.

The mausoleum group includes five mausoleums of Eastern Han Dynasty, one Mausoleum of Cao Wei Dynasty, five mausoleums of Western Jin Dynasty, four mausoleums of Northern Wei Dynasty and one Mausoleum of Tang Dynasty after five dynasties. It is the place where most emperors are buried in China

. In addition, there are more than 1000 tombs for royal families and ministers. Mangshan mausoleum is one of the most concentrated areas in the world.

Historical origin

Mang Mountain, winding in Luoyang, Mengjin and Yanshi, is an ideal place to sleep after death because of its broad terrain and deep soil layer. There is a saying that it was born in Suzhou and Hangzhou and buried in Beimang. Therefore, there are many ancient tombs in Mangshan, "a place without lying cattle".

According to textual research, more than 6000 epitaphs have been unearthed in Mangshan. A large number of epitaphs are related to the politics, economy, military, culture, Sino foreign exchanges and ethnic relations of that time, providing important information for historical research. Mangshan mausoleum tombs are located on Mangshan Mountain in Luoyang City and Mengjin County, Henan Province. There are more than a dozen tombs of emperors in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty and the Northern Wei Dynasty, as well as the accompanying tombs of royal families and ministers. The total number of tombs is more than 1000. It is an ancient tomb from the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-220) to the Three Kingdoms (AD 220-280). Mangshan mausoleum group is a large national cultural relic protection unit in China, and also one of the most concentrated ancient Mausoleums in the world. It is called "Oriental pyramid".

Burial custom

Mangshan tombs are located in the north, East and northeast of Luoyang City. It belongs to low mountains and hills, with gentle relief, high and open. Loess soil layer is deep, cohesive, solid and dense, suitable for the construction of tombs. Mangshan became an ideal resting place for people at the latest from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and the custom of advocating burial gradually formed in the following two thousand years. Over time, it has formed a historical and cultural spectacle with many tombstones, dense pines and cypresses, towering tombstones, and swarms of stone carvings. The so-called "little idle land on the top of Beimang mountain is full of old tombs of Luoyang people".

The mausoleum group covers an area of 756 square kilometers, 50 kilometers long from east to west and 20 kilometers wide from north to south. It covers seven districts and counties of Luoyang, including Xigong District, Laocheng District, Jianxi District, Fuhe District, Luolong District, Yanshi City and Mengjin County. The population of the cultural relic reserve is about 200000. The age of the mausoleum group lasted from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty and the Northern Wei Dynasty to the late Tang Dynasty of the Five Dynasties. It can be divided into four sections: the western section (Northern Wei Mausoleum), the middle section (Eastern Zhou mausoleum, Eastern Han mausoleum and post Tang Mausoleum), the eastern section (Western Jin mausoleum and Cao Wei Mausoleum), and the Jiahe section (Eastern Han mausoleum and Western Jin Mausoleum).

Cultural relics protection

Tao Yuanming, a native of Jin Dynasty, wrote: "once one hundred years old, he will return to Beimang." Wang Jian, a Tang Dynasty poet, said: "there is little idle land at the top of Beimang mountain, which is full of old tombs of Luoyang people. There are many old tombs, and there is no place to buy gold. " Mangshan has 24 tombs of emperors and their accompanying tombs in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty and the later Tang Dynasty. Crisscross and adjoin. These tombs are often tens of meters high and hundreds of meters long. They stand like hills. After all the vicissitudes, they are still domineering.

Mangshan mausoleum group was announced as the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units in June 2001. In May 2002, the State Administration of cultural relics approved the project of "archaeological investigation and survey of Mangshan mausoleum tombs".

Tomb underground

In 1984, Luoyang Museum of ancient tombs, the first museum of ancient tombs in China, was established near the jingling Mausoleum of the Northern Wei Dynasty in Zhongtou village, Mangshan Mountain. The only scientific excavation of the imperial mausoleum on Mang Mountain, jingling underground palace of the Northern Wei Dynasty, has been excavated and opened.

Mangshan mausoleum group can be divided into four areas: the western section (Northern Wei Mausoleum), the middle section (Eastern Zhou mausoleum, Eastern Han mausoleum and post Tang Mausoleum), the eastern section (Western Jin mausoleum and Cao Wei Mausoleum) and Jiahe section (Eastern Han mausoleum and Western Jin Mausoleum).

Mausoleum distribution

Mausoleum of Eastern Han Dynasty

Luoyang was the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Of the 11 emperors, 10 were buried in Luoyang and 5 were buried in Mang Mountain. They were the original Mausoleum of Emperor Guangwu, Gong Mausoleum of emperor an, Xian Mausoleum of Emperor Shun, Huai Mausoleum of emperor Chong and Wen Mausoleum of Emperor Ling.

The original Mausoleum of Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty, also known as "Han mausoleum" locally and commonly known as "Liu Xiufen", is the mausoleum where the founding emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty Liu Xiu and empress Guanglie Yin Lihua were buried together. It is located in Tiexie village, Baihe Town, Mengjin County, Henan Province.

Caoweiling District

Cao Wei had five emperors in 46 years. Among them, the founding emperor Wen Di PI, Ming Di Rui and noble Xiang Gong Cao Mao were buried in Luoyang after their death. Cao Pi, Emperor Wen, advocated thrifty burial. He was buried in Shouyang mountain of Mang Mountain, so he called Shouyang mausoleum. The mausoleum of emperor Cao Rui of Ming Dynasty is called Gaoping mausoleum. After Cao Shao, the nobleman, became emperor, he was unwilling to be a plaything in the hands of general Sima Zhao. In May 260, he led more than 300 eunuchs and bodyguards to attack Sima Zhao. As a result, he was stabbed to death by Sima Zhao's general Cheng Ji. He was later buried in royal ceremony.

Mausoleum of Western Jin Dynasty

The Western Jin Dynasty lasted for 52 years. Among them, Sima Yan, Emperor Wu, and Sima Zhong, Emperor Hui, collapsed in Luoyang and were buried in Shouyang mountain. In 265 A.D., Sima Yan ascended the throne and respected Sima Yi, Sima Shi and Sima Zhao as Xuandi, Jingdi and Wendi respectively. Therefore, there are five Mausoleums in the Western Jin Dynasty mausoleum area, which are plateau mausoleum, Junping mausoleum, Chongyang mausoleum, junyang mausoleum and Taiyang mausoleum.

Northern Wei Mausoleum

Luoyang, the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, lasted for 41 years. It has been confirmed that there are four emperors buried in Mangshan of Luoyang, namely Emperor Xiaowen Yuanhong, Emperor Xuanwu Yuanke, Emperor Xiaoming Yuanxu and Emperor Xiaozhuang yuanziyou. Their mausoleums are Changling, jingling, Dingling and jingling. The Northern Wei Dynasty was the regime of Xianbei people in the north. Its people were good at riding and shooting and were fierce. However, Emperor Xiaowen was far sighted, moved his capital to Luoyang, and carried out sinicization, which made the first national fusion of China. He ordered that the people who moved to Luoyang should be buried in Henan and not be returned to the north. Therefore, the northerners moved southward and learned that they were from Luoyang, Henan Province. After his death, he was buried in the Changling mausoleum in the south of Guanzhuang village in Mengjin. Changling, 35 meters high and 60 meters in diameter, is known locally as "Otsuka". Jingling, the mausoleum of emperor Xuanwu Yuanke, is located in the south of Changling and the east of today's Zhongtou village. According to Zizhitongjian, in the fourth year of Wude of Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin once visited emperor Xuanwu's Mausoleum of Wei Dynasty to observe Wang Shichong's military situation, which shows that the mausoleum is high and steep.

In addition, the mausoleums of Hui mausoleum, Li conghou mausoleum, Li Congke mausoleum, Liu Chan mausoleum, Li Yu mausoleum, Meng Chang mausoleum and Zhu Changxun mausoleum are also located in Mangshan mausoleum area.

Funerary grave

Discovered tombs of princes, Marquises, generals and celebrities

Ran Geng, Zhou Xianxian, was buried in the south of Baihe Village.

Tomb of LV Buwei: dazhongtou village, nancaizhuang, Yanshi City, about 20 kilometers east of Luoyang City

Fan Chong, the leader of the red eyebrow army, was buried in the west of leiwan village, Baihe Township, commonly known as the red eyebrow Tomb of the Han Dynasty.

Fan Kuai, the Marquis of Wuyang in Han Dynasty, was buried in luojiagou village, Wangliang township.

Jia Yi, Han Taifu, was buried in the east of Xinzhuang village, Pingle town.

Deng Chen, the Marquis of Western Han Dynasty, was buried in Beimang.

Deng Gu, the Marquis of the Han Dynasty, was buried in the old tomb of Beimang in Luoyang.

Ji Tong, a servant of the Han Dynasty, was buried in Chaoyang town.

Liu Kuan

Chinese PinYin : Mang Shan Ling Mu Qun