Yishan

Yishan

Yishan is located at the east end of Yishan mountain in Shandong Province, at the junction of Linqu, Yishui and Yiyuan. The main peak, also known as Yuhuangding, is 1031 meters above sea level. Although the altitude is only over 1000 meters, the mountain is no less steep than Mount Tai, known as "East Mount Tai". The baizhangya waterfall on the east side of Yuhuangding, with a drop of 65 meters, is extremely spectacular. It has been developed into a tourist attraction.

Yishan mountain is majestic, with beautiful scenery and different postures. It is known as "Mount Tai is the highest of the five mountains and mount Yi is the highest of the five towns". In the early Warring States period, the state of Qi built the great wall according to the mountain, and its ruins still exist.

The mountain area is rich in historical sites and dense in forests, with provincial nature reserves. It has been developed into a national AAAA tourist area, a National Forest Park and a scenic spot in Shandong Province.

Location context

Yishan is located at the eastern end of Yishan mountain in Tailu. Its range is called the boundary mountain between Linqu and Yishui in Shandong Provincial Records of natural geography, and the boundary of Linqu, Yishui and Yiyuan in Linqu County records. The main peak, also known as Yuhuangding, is located on the side of Linqu, 36 ° 11.8 'n, 118 ° 37.3' e, with an altitude of 1031 meters. The range of Yishan is bounded by Yishan beishila Jiangyu in Linqu in the northwest, Jiangyu mulingguan yishuichaishan in the East, and Chaishan yaxia shangliuzhuang in the south, which is also a triangle fault block mountain.

Yishan, Southeast and northwest, extends 52 kilometers from north to south, 21 kilometers from east to west, with a total area of 650 square kilometers.

Main peaks

Geology and geomorphology

On the east side of the mountain is the Yishu Fault Zone, which extends eastward and connects with the Cenozoic lateral uplift low mountain zone in the middle of the Yishu Fault Zone. The western boundary is controlled by NW and NNE faults. The main peak area is composed of Proterozoic Taoke porphyry granite. Although the altitude is only over 1000 meters, the mountain is as steep as Mount Tai. The incised depth of the valley is more than 200 meters. Yuhuangding, the main peak, stands opposite shizigu and waitougu. The top is slightly flat and the ridge is steep. It looks like a castle. The baizhangya waterfall on the east side of Yuhuangding, with a drop of 65 meters, is extremely spectacular.

geology

Yishan mountain is the main peak in the east of Yishan mountain, and its geomorphological development process is consistent with that of Taishan Mountain and Lushan Mountain. Because it is adjacent to the Yishu Fault Zone in the East, the uplift amount has been slightly small since Pliocene.

In the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, the western Shandong block experienced strong differential uplift, resulting in large-scale structural faults, which resulted in the rupture of the western Shandong block and the formation of many fault block uplifts and faulted basins. In the Cenozoic tertiary, the fault activity was particularly intense, forming Taishan, Lushan, Yishan and other mountains, which laid the foundation for the mountainous appearance of Western Shandong.

Archean Taishanian intrusive rocks. Yishan is dominated by granitoid gneiss. The rocks are dark green, with unequal grain scale granodioritic texture and massive structure. They are mainly composed of feldspar, amphibole, biotite and quartz. There are also various dikes, such as pegmatite dikes, fine-grained dikes, granite dikes, quartz dikes, lamprophyre dikes and amphibolite dikes.

Geological structure. Yishan fault uplift belongs to Luxi fault block uplift, which is divided by Gegou fault and Yishu Fault. The basement is composed of Taishan Group, with complex structure, mainly tight inverted folds, and the direction of structural line is NW. The caprock is composed of Tumen group, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The structure is simple, mainly monoclinic, and the fault structure is very developed, there are four groups of faults in east-west, north-south, north-west and north-east directions. These faults controlled a series of Meso Cenozoic faulted basins and formed the structural pattern of alternating distribution of fault bulge and fault depression.

landforms

Yishan mountain is located in the east of the middle and low mountain area of Lushan Mountain. It is bounded by shangwujing fault, Hanwang fault and Changyi Dadian fault in the west, South and East, respectively. In the north, Changle basalt foothill zone is adjacent to Beiping original area of Yishan mountain. Yishan mountain is located in the central and southern part of the area, which is composed of Yuhuangding (1031 meters above sea level), waitougu (971 meters above sea level) and shizigu (950 meters). Scissors gorge is a large gorge of Yishan mountain and the birthplace of Wenhe River, a tributary of Weihe River. The East and west sides of Yishan mountain are low mountain areas, the west side is represented by Motianling with an altitude of 735 meters, and the east side is taipingding with an altitude of 516 meters, which is the second basalt lava mountain in Shandong Province.

The peak of Yishan mountain is serrated or saddle shaped. The gully developed in a "V" shape with a cutting depth of 300-600 meters. The low mountain is composed of limestone, shale, granite and gneiss. The Songshan area is composed of monzonite porphyry and diorite. From peak to mountainside, it belongs to gravity denudation accumulation zone; from mountainside to foot, it belongs to erosion accumulation zone or erosion zone; from valley to valley, it belongs to low mountain erosion accumulation zone; from both sides of Intermountain River affected by atmospheric precipitation and groundwater supply, it belongs to mountain alluvial accumulation zone, with small Intermountain basins. The weathering depth of exposed rocks in this area is generally 2-14m.

Yuhuangding, the main peak, is 1031 meters above sea level, which represents the top surface of the third level peak. At 800 meters above sea level, there are concave hills, water collecting basins between mountains, slope deposits and springs, which are the second level flat surface. From this height, there are deep valleys, Rapids, waterfalls and cliffs, which are magnificent. At 400 meters above sea level, the mountain becomes gentle, and then comes out of the canyon, forming the first level flat surface. Its mountain terraces, shoulder slopes and three planation levels are similar to Mount Tai, so it is called "East Mount Tai". Mount Tai is the top of the five mountains in China, while mount Yi is the top of the five towns in China. Muling pass in the East and Tongling pass in the West are all dangerous passes of the great wall of Qi. With Yishan mountain as the center, it extends to all sides. More than 30 famous tombs are songshugu, Jiangliang tomb, Dadingzi, Taiping mountain, Luohua cliff, etc.

Soil vegetation

The soil in Yishan mountain is mainly brown soil. In the west of Yishan mountain, Malan loess and other loess like deposits of Upper Pleistocene are distributed. It produces ostrich (egg), Nama elephant, deer and wild horse (undetermined species). Fossils of mammal rhinoceros, wild boar (undetermined species), spotted deer (undetermined species) and Homo sapiens are found in the upper Pleistocene cave deposits in Yiyuan and Xintai. Holocene. The genetic types are complex, including alluvial, flood, residual slope, aeolian, lacustrine and marine deposits. It is widely distributed. In the Loess like deposits at the northern foot of Yishan mountain, 1-2 layers of gray black buried paleosol are common.

The coarse bone soil and common cinnamon soil are distributed in the low mountains and hills on the north side of Yishan mountain, mainly composed of limestone hills and low mountains. The annual erosion modulus is 1178 T / km2, and the average erosion depth is 1.0 mm. The broad range slope is distributed with calcareous coarse bone soil and stone soil. The common cinnamon soil is developed in the Piedmont and proluvial fan-shaped land, and the calcareous fluvo aquic soil and fluvo cinnamon soil are distributed in the valley plain. The main crops are wheat, corn and sweet potato. Flue cured tobacco plays an important role in the province, especially the yellow tobacco produced on the cinnamon soil of Yidu and Linqu. Most of the fruit trees are walnut, persimmon and hawthorn, and Yidu hawthorn is quite famous.

Yishan is a hilly vegetation community in the middle of Shandong Province, with more than 1000 meters of mountains and obvious vertical differentiation of natural landscape. Platycladus orientalis and Quercus acutissima forests are dominant below 1000 meters, and Quercus acutissima forests increase significantly below 600 meters; pure Pinus tabulaeformis forests replace them above 1000 meters; there are mountain shrub meadows above 1400 meters. The mountain vegetation of the vast hilly slopes in the area mainly includes forest, shrub and shrub. The coniferous forest growing on brown soil is mainly Pinus tabulaeformis, with sparse vegetation and irregular forest shape. Quercus acutissima had the largest area of broad-leaved forest, followed by Quercus variabilis and Robinia pseudoacacia. The Quercus variabilis forest in Puzhao Temple of Mount Tai and the Robinia pseudoacacia forest in jianlai mountain are growing well. On the cinnamon soil of limestone mountain area, coniferous forest is dominated by Platycladus orientalis sparse forest, and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest is dominated by Ulmaceae, such as Ulmus pumila, Magnolia officinalis, Magnolia microphylla, Ulmus pumila, etc. The distribution area is larger for the secondary shrub and shrub grass after forest destruction. The common deciduous shrubs are Sophora japonica, Dalbergia, Cotinus coggygria, Vitex negundo, Ziziphus jujuba, Lespedeza bicolor, Spiraea, Caragana, etc. In the lower part of the mountain, Vitex negundo is dominant, while Lespedeza bicolor is dominant in the higher part, especially in Mount Tai. With the increase of soil moisture, herbaceous plants can be seen in succession, such as Leymus chinensis, yellow backed grass, tangerine grass, Yegu grass, silver grass, awn and so on. In the mountain meadow at the top of Zhongshan Mountain, there are many hygrophilic dicotyledons, such as Euonymus chinensis, Sanguisorba officinalis and Carex. There are shrub grass clumps mainly composed of Vitex negundo, Zizyphus jujuba, rabdosia bidentata and Leymus chinensis. There are maple poplar forest and red poplar forest in the valley. Scattered broad-leaved tree species are Fraxinus, pith, Populus tomentosa, Ailanthus altissima, Ulmus pumila, Sophora japonica, Salix matsudana, Acer truncatum, Pistacia chinensis, etc. in some places, the dominant species are not obvious deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest. Soil and water loss is serious in this vegetation area.

Climatic characteristics

The topography of Yishan area fluctuates greatly. Climate characteristics are: low temperature, short sunshine, more precipitation, drought, waterlogging, frost, hail and other disasters. The dryness of crops in this area is 1.0-1.5, which belongs to semi humid climate. The annual precipitation is 680-860 mm, the annual precipitation days are 80-90 days, the precipitation is 500-650 mm when the temperature is more than or equal to 10 ℃, the rainstorm is 1.4-3.4 days, the maximum daily precipitation can reach 100-300 mm, and the local precipitation can reach more than 300 mm. The annual average temperature of the whole region is 12-14 ℃, the accumulated temperature ≥ 0 ℃ is less than 4800 ℃, and the accumulated temperature ≥ 10 ℃ is 420 ℃

Chinese PinYin : Yi Shan