the pamirs

The Pamir Plateau is located in the southeast of Central Asia and the west end of China, across Tajikistan, China and Afghanistan. "Pamir" means "roof of the world" in Tajik language. The plateau is 4000-7700 meters above sea level and has many peaks. As early as the Han Dynasty in China, the Pamir Plateau was named "Congling" because of its many wild scallions or lush cliffs. It is also called Buzhou mountain. The South and middle roads of the ancient Silk Road all crossed from here, and then westward to West Asia, South Asia and Europe.

The Pamir Plateau is divided into two parts: the East Pamir is open and broad, which is composed of two northwest southeast mountains and a group of river valleys and lakes. West Pamir is composed of several parallel mountains and valleys in the Northeast southwest direction. The terrain is characterized by high mountains and deep valleys.

To visit the Pamir Plateau, you mainly go to Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County in its northeast, and the mostag peak, stone city, hongqilap port, etc. Stone city is located in the north of Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County, with an altitude of 3100 meters and extremely steep terrain. It is a famous ancient city site on the ancient Silk Road in Xinjiang.

Mt. MUZTAG is magnificent and snow covered all year round. It is known as "father of iceberg". It is the most beautiful scenic line on China Pakistan Friendship Road (National Highway 314) and one of the peaks that mountaineers want to conquer most. Hongqilapu port is the only land entry and exit channel from China to Pakistan, and also an important gateway to South Asia subcontinent and even Europe. There are the famous boundary monument No.7 of China and Pakistan and the magnificent gate of China.

the pamirs

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

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Pamirs, Persian, means flat roof. In ancient China, it was called Congling, where the ancient Silk Road passed. Located in the southeast of Central Asia, the westernmost end of China, across Tajikistan, China and Afghanistan. The Pamir Plateau is located in the southwest of Xinjiang, the southeast of Tajikistan and the northeast of Afghanistan. It is a huge junction of Kunlun Mountain, Karakorum mountain, Hindu Kush mountain and Tianshan Mountain. It covers an area of about 100000 square kilometers.

The mountains of Pamir Plateau are tall, with an average altitude of more than 4500 meters, and the main peaks are more than 6000 meters. The main peak in Western Tajikistan is the Communist peak at an altitude of 7495 meters and the Lenin peak at 7134 meters. There is a significant difference between the East and the West. The absolute and relative heights of West Pamir are very large; the latitudinal and meridional mountains are interlaced with each other, and the terrain is complex, which has the characteristics of high mountains; the river network is dense, the cutting depth is deep, and the planation surface is seriously damaged. The East Pamir Plateau is characterized by small absolute height, low relative height and wide valley. There are 1085 glaciers in the plateau, covering an area of 8041 square kilometers. The longest fedchenko glacier is 77 kilometers long. There are many glacial lakes, the largest of which is Kala lake, with an area of 383 square kilometers and the deepest of 236 meters.

The Pamir Plateau in China is in the East, in Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture and Kashgar region. It is bounded by Muji Valley and Tashkurgan Valley in the East, adjacent to West Kunlun Mountain and karakunlun mountain in the south. The northern part is NW-SE, and the southern part is nne-sw-se. It is 260 km long and 50-100 km wide. It is composed of plateau mountains and high-level Intermountain basins. The altitude of mountainous areas is generally 5000-5500 meters, that of Intermountain basins is 3500-4200 meters, and that of some sections is reduced to 3200 meters. It is an important passage for the ancient Silk Road to go south to India, West to Afghanistan and Iran. China bus highway has passed through.

Formation process

The geological history of the Pamirs can be traced back to the Ordovician period 400-500 million years ago. Since then, various parts of the Pamirs have experienced different crustal movements, either submerged by sea water or land. By 280 million years ago (the geological age of the early Permian), the Pamir Plateau was a vast ocean with rough waves. This sea area traverses the southern part of Eurasia in the 21st century and communicates with the sea areas of North Africa, southern Europe, West Asia and Southeast Asia. It is called the "Tethys Sea", or "ancient Mediterranean". At that time, the climate of the Tethys Sea area was warm and became a prosperous area for marine animals and plants. Its north and south sides are divided ancient land (also known as pan continent), the south side is called Gondwana, including South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica and South Asia subcontinent in the 21st century; the north side is called Eurasia, also known as Laoya, including Europe, Asia and North America in the 21st century.

About 240 million years ago, due to plate movement, the separated Indian plate moved and compressed northward at a relatively fast speed, and strong folding, fracture and uplift occurred in the northern part of the plate, which promoted the uplift of Kunlun Mountain and Hoh Xil area into land. As the Indian plate continued to insert northward under the paleo oceanic crust, and pushed the oceanic crust to fracture continuously, about 210 million years ago, the northern part of the Tethys Sea advanced again In the active tectonic period, the North Qiangtang area, Karakoram mountains, Tanggula mountains and Hengduan Mountains were separated from the sea immersion; by 80 million years ago, the Indian plate continued to drift northward, causing another strong tectonic movement. The Gangdise mountains and Nyainqentanglha mountains rose sharply. Northern Tibet and some southern Tibet also separated from the sea and became land. The whole terrain is wide and gentle, the rivers are crisscross, the lakes are dense, and there are vast plains, humid climate and lush jungle. The geomorphic pattern of the plateau is basically formed.

Geologically, the rising tectonic movement of the plateau is called Himalayan movement. The uplift process of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau is not a uniform movement, not a one-time surge, but experienced several different rising stages. Each uplift makes the plateau landform evolve. Ten thousand years ago, the plateau uplifted faster, rising at an average rate of 7 cm per year, making it the "roof of the world" on the earth today. The Indian plate began to compress northward toward the Asian plate, resulting in the uplift of the Kunlun Mountains and the Hoh Xil region. As the Indian plate continues to advance northward and insert under the Asian plate, the Tibetan Plateau formed in the rising stage. The formation of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau was not completed at one time. Its rising speed stopped several times, but sometimes it was very fast. Ten thousand years ago, it rose at a rate of seven centimeters a year. Today, the central part of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau is dominated by weathering, while the edge is still rising.

natural environment

terrain

In fact, the Pamir Plateau is not a flat plateau, but consists of several groups of mountains and wide valleys and basins between them. According to the terrain characteristics. Pamir Plateau is divided into East and west parts by the North-South scientific academy mountain in the northwest of sarez lake.

The East Pamir is open and flat, which is composed of two northwest southeast mountains and a group of river valleys and lakes, with an absolute height of 5000-6000 meters. The relative height is less than 1000m ~ 1500m, the mountain is round, the mountain is divided by wide and shallow valley, and there are moraine plain and desert plain at the altitude of 4000 ~ 5000m.

West Pamir is composed of several parallel mountains and valleys in the Northeast southwest direction. The terrain is characterized by high mountains and deep valleys. West Pamir is mainly a high mountain terrain with strong cutting. The relative height of the mountains is 2000-3500 meters. The valley is narrow and deep. The ridge is 3000-4000 meters higher than the valley bottom. The alpine mountains with permanent snow and glaciers are crisscrossed with deep canyons. Various glacial landforms are widely developed.

Geomorphic Division

According to the topographical characteristics, the Pamir Plateau is divided into two parts: the East Pamir is open and broad, which is composed of two snow covered mountains in the northwest southeast direction and a group of river valleys and lakes, with an absolute altitude of 5000-6000 meters. The relative height is not more than 1000m ~ 1500m. West Pamir is composed of several parallel mountains and valleys in the Northeast southwest direction. The terrain has a large relative drop and is characterized by high mountains and deep valleys.

According to the physical and geographical conditions, it can be divided into eight parts, which are called eight "pa". In the Qing Dynasty, there was a memorial tablet in alchur paneh; eight karuns were built in gepa; Pamir was a place where the Tajiks and Kirgiz lived and nomaded in China, and it belonged to China until 1870s. Pamirs are divided into eight "Pamirs", and from north to south they are: heshikuzhuk Pamir, salez Pamir, langkuli Pamir, althur Pamir, big Pamir, small Pamir, taktun bashmir and wahan Pamir.

climate

It has a long winter (from October to next April). At an altitude of 3600 meters, the average temperature in January is - 17.8 ℃, and the absolute minimum temperature is - 50 ℃. In 1953, brengor's temperature was as low as - 53.3 ℃, and the average temperature in July was 13.9 ℃, and the maximum temperature is no more than 20 ℃. The temperature in the shady area is significantly lower than that in the sunny area, and the temperature is very low Covered with frozen saline soil. The annual precipitation in East Pamir is only 75-100 mm, even less than 30 mm in the Kala Lake Basin, due to the high mountains blocking the moist airflow from the West. The West Pamirs are parallel mountains in east-west direction, with high mountains and deep valleys. The climate changes greatly in vertical direction. The moist air mass from the Atlantic Ocean, blocked by mountains, rises up the slope and cools down at 200 ℃

Chinese PinYin : Pa Mi Er Gao Yuan