Wuling Mountain

Wuling Mountain

Wuling Mountain is a national nature reserve with a forest coverage rate of 93%. The main peak is 2118 meters above sea level, which is one of the highest peaks of Yanshan Mountain (donghouding, the highest peak of Yanshan mountain, is 2292 meters above sea level). It belongs to temperate continental monsoon mountain climate, with the characteristics of hot and rainy season, long winter and short summer, four distinct seasons, cool summer and large temperature difference between day and night.

The complexity of topography determines the diversity of climate. It is known as "peach blossom floating under the mountain, snowflake flying on the mountain", "continuous rain under the mountain, sunny on the mountain", "three different days in three miles, three seasons in one mountain". The annual average temperature is 7.6 ° C, and the average temperature of the hottest month is 17.6 ° C. It is a "cool island" in the "hot sea" of North China.

Historical evolution

The protection object of Wuling Mountain Nature Reserve is "temperate forest ecosystem and North limit of macaque distribution". Temperate forest ecosystem refers to Wuling Mountain, which is located at the intersection of three major flora of Mongolia, northeast and North China. The ecosystem is complex and diverse, and it has become a reserve of temperate biodiversity and a treasure house of biological resources. The North limit of macaque distribution refers to the north of Wuling Mountain. There are no more wild primates in the world. Although there are macaques in Hokkaido of Japan and Shihezi of Xinjiang, they are only raised artificially.

Wuling Mountain is not only the North limit of macaque distribution, but also the corridor of North and South animals and the North limit of many southern animals, such as spoon chicken, civet, etc. at the same time, it is also the South limit of many northern representative animals, such as hazelnut, panfinch, etc. There are 1870 species of higher plants belonging to 665 genera and 168 families in Wuling Mountain. Among them, walnut is the second class protected plant and 8 species of Juglans mandshurica, wild soybean and Pterocarpus tatarinowii are the third class protected plants. There are 161 species of terrestrial vertebrates, including two species of golden eagle and leopard under the first level protection, and 15 species of vulture, macaque and gazelle under the second level protection.

The administration of Wuling Mountain National Nature Reserve pursues the harmonious development of human and nature, adheres to and implements the scientific outlook on development, and has invested more than 60 million yuan to thoroughly transform the roads, sightseeing trails, various signs and other facilities in the scenic area, which greatly enriches the scientific and cultural connotation of the scenic area, highlights the unique ecological taste, and inherits and carries forward the long Yanshan culture. The nature reserve has launched healthy ecological tourism activities with natural oxygen bar, summer vacation and scientific investigation as the main body, so that visitors can return to nature in the landscape, enjoy the gift of nature and appreciate the essence of harmonious coexistence between human and nature. Let Wuling Mountain become an excellent tourist attraction for people to return to nature and ecotourism.

The nature reserve is a certain representative ecosystem selected by the national government, and it is a specific area for nature protection, scientific research and comprehensive utilization. Protection is divided into national level and provincial level. Wuling Mountain is a national nature reserve. There are 94 forestry type national nature reserves in China, and 1 in Hebei Province. Wuling Mountain is the only forestry type National Nature Reserve in Hebei Province, and also the most potential National Nature Reserve nearest to Beijing.

geographical environment

Wuling Mountain National Nature Reserve is a famous mountain in China and one of the areas rich in plant resources in North China. It is called "natural botanical garden", "green treasure house" and "natural species gene bank". There are 1870 species of higher plants belonging to 665 genera of 168 families, ginseng and other first-class national protected plants, and 10 species listed in China's Red Book of rare and endangered plants. There are 173 species of wild animals belonging to 112 genera and 55 families. Among them, there are 18 kinds of national protected animals, such as golden eagle and leopard, macaque and gazelle, and 121 kinds of other key protected animals. It is an ideal base for scientific research, teaching practice and popular science education. With beautiful scenery, high anion content, pleasant climate and sweet air, the reserve is an excellent Forest Resort and natural oxygen bar. The tourism resources of Wuling Mountain National Nature Reserve are highly summarized, which are magnificent, strange, beautiful and beautiful. At present, there are four eco-tourism oriented scenic spots and more than 100 scenic spots, namely xianrenta scenic spot, wulongtou scenic spot, Longtan scenic spot and qingliangjie scenic spot. With the increasing efforts of management and construction, the six functions of tourism, shopping, entertainment, food, housing and transportation are basically matched and have a certain scale. Every year, it attracts a large number of tourists to come here for vacation, visit and inspection.

geographical position

Wuling Mountain National Nature Reserve is located in Xinglong County, Chengde City, northern Hebei Province. Its geographical coordinates are 117 ° 17 ′～ 117 ° 35 ′ E and 40 ° 29 ′～ 40 ° 38 ′ n. It is located between Beijing, Tianjin, Chengde and Tangshan, 140 km from Beijing, 180 km from Tianjin, 148 km from Tangshan and 135 km from Chengde. The mountainous area in this area belongs to Yanshan Mountains, which is the middle part of Yanshan Mountains. Its main peak, waitao peak, is located in the center of the core area. Known as "the first of Jingdong".

geology

Wuling mountain area was the ancient Yanliao sea in the ancient time of 1.85-850 million years ago; it uplifted to land in the ancient time of 850-570 million years ago; it fell to sea in the Paleozoic time of 570-450 million years ago, which is called the North China shallow epicontinental sea; after 450 million years, it uplifted to land, and received long-term continental deposition; in the late Mesozoic (140-65 million years ago), the Wuling mountain area became the North China shallow epicontinental sea Magmatic intrusion occurred in the area, which is geologically called Yanshanian magmatic intrusion. Accompanied by Mesozoic orogeny (called Yanshanian movement) and Cenozoic orogeny (called Himalayan movement), crustal uplift, intense fault activity, large-scale magmatic intrusion formed huge batholith. Wuling Mountain is the largest one, which constitutes the main body of Yanshanian mountains. Its strike is consistent with that of the Yanshan Mountains, from northeast to southwest, with large-scale intrusions. In the west to southwest direction of the major ridges, the ancient stone sea (luanshiyao) formed by freezing and weathering in the Quaternary ice age is widely developed. Rock composition: magmatic rocks are mainly granite, syenite and basalt; sedimentary rocks are mainly limestone, shale and sandstone; metamorphic rocks are mainly gneiss.

landforms

The Mesozoic Yanshan crustal movement and the Cenozoic crustal movement accelerated the relative elevation of the mountains. It has been rising since the Sinian period, making the pre Sinian granite and gneiss exposed to the surface in a large area, forming the unique geomorphic features of Wuling Mountain. Wuling mountain ranges from 2118.2 meters above sea level to 450 meters above sea level (lianyizhai), with a height difference of 1668.2 meters. Most of the peaks are above 1600 meters. The main peak area is obviously prominent, and its periphery is medium and low mountains. The landform is very complex, including steep ridge peaks, flat peak platform (Lianhuachi), small mountain basins (Yulingou, Laohugou), deep ditches and narrow valleys（ To the west of beishuangdong), gentle slope and wide valley (Sanchakou, Longzhaogou, ganmugou, dongxigushi), piedmont terrace (Dongmei temple, Chenjiazhuang, Dagou, Huayuan), etc. The main ridge is in the north-south direction, only the cold Valley is in the east-west direction. Most of the low valleys are east-west. The valley is in the shape of "V" and its width varies from more than ten meters to hundreds of meters. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south, and inclines from northwest to Southeast. The slope is mostly between 25 ° and 40 °.

climate

Wuling Mountain belongs to the warm temperate humid continental monsoon region, with the characteristics of the same season of rain and heat, long winter and short summer, four distinct seasons and large temperature difference between day and night. The complexity of topography determines the diversity of climate. "Peach blossoms flutter at the foot of the mountain, snowflakes fly on the mountain", "continuous rain at the foot of the mountain, bright sunshine on the mountain", known as "three seasons and ten different days in a mountain". The annual average temperature is 7.6 ° C, the coldest month is in January, the average temperature is - 15.6 ° C, and the absolute low temperature is - 25 ° C to - 28 ° C; the hottest month is in July, the average temperature is 17.6 ° C, and the absolute high temperature is generally 36 ° C to 39 ° C. The daily average temperature is stable, and the date of exceeding 10 ° C is from May to October. The accumulated temperature of ≥ 10 ° C is 3000 ° C ~ 3400 ° C. The average annual sunshine is 2870 hours. Wuling Mountain is tall and densely forested. It has become the intersection zone of North and south climate. In summer and autumn, it is full of clouds and abundant rainfall. The average annual precipitation is 763 mm, and it can reach 900 mm in some parts. The average annual evaporation is 1444 mm and the average relative humidity is 60%. The frost free period is 120-140 days. The first frost begins in the first ten days of October, and the last frost ends in the middle of April. Generally, the mountain will be closed after the long holiday.

soil

There are four types of soil in Wuling Mountain: typical cinnamon soil, leaching cinnamon soil, brown forest soil and secondary meadow soil. It is more fertile.

hydrology

Wuling Mountain is one of the peaks of Yanshan Mountains, with high terrain and one of the birthplaces of many rivers. The stratum rock in this area has poor water permeability, and the precipitation flows out radially with the main peak as the center, and the groundwater overflow points are widely distributed, almost with water in the ditch, and the water flow is continuous all the year round. The area is full of forests, springs, streams and water resources. A towering watershed from east to west turns southwest after the main peak, dividing the whole region into North and south parts. In the north of the watershed, the water system is divided into two branches, and the precipitation in the East flows through liushuigou, zhuangmu gully, HUAYUANGOU, Huayuan gully

Chinese PinYin : Wu Ling Shan