Tuyugou Mazha Village

Tuyugou, with a history of more than 1700 years, is the oldest Uygur village in Xinjiang. The villagers here work at sunrise and rest at sunset. They communicate with each other in the ancient Uighur language and wear the most colorful costumes with national characteristics. They are still the classic donkey cart when visiting relatives and friends. They completely retain the ancient Uighur tradition and folk customs and are known as the "living fossil of folk customs".

Tuyugou is also the largest Islamic holy land in China, known as the "Mecca of China". Every year, Muslims come from all over the world to make pilgrimage.

Maza Village

synonym

Tuyugou Mazha village generally refers to Mazha village

Maza village, a traditional Chinese village under the jurisdiction of tuyugou village, Shanshan County, Turpan City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is located at the south mouth of tuyugou at the south foot of Huoyan mountain, covering an area of 12 square kilometers.

Maza village is located in the climate zone to the south of Huoyan mountain. It is an ancient historical and cultural village integrating human landscape and natural landscape, Buddhist culture and Western culture. It has a history of more than 2600 years. It is a typical representative of the village pattern under the background of Islamic culture in eastern Xinjiang, showing the traditional Uygur style of "ancient village, ancient folk house, ancient lane and ancient tree". In the north of Mazha village, there are tuyugou grottoes, a national key cultural relic protection unit, and in the west, there are huojiamumazha. A large number of traditional dwellings built with raw soil are preserved in the village, which is a model of raw soil architecture in Xinjiang and known as "the first Tuzhuang in China".

On December 17, 2012, Maza village was announced as the first batch of Chinese traditional villages by the Ministry of housing and urban rural development, the Ministry of culture and the Ministry of finance.

Village history

In the Western Han Dynasty, Maza village was the seat of cheshiduwei Kingdom, which was later annexed by cheshiguo. Cheshi state was divided into Cheshi former state and Cheshi later state. Maza village belongs to Cheshi former state.

In the second year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (327), Zhang Jun of Qianliang set up Gaochang County in his hometown of Gaochang, under which there were Gaochang county and Tiandi county. Maza village belonged to Gaochang county.

In 421, the Beiliang regime of Mengxun in Juqu destroyed Xiliang. The front part of Cheshi belonged to Beiliang, and Maza village followed Beiliang.

In the third year of taipingzhenjun (442) of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the remnant forces of Beiliang occupied Gaochang again, vigorously promoted Buddhism in the local area, and began to dig caves and build Buddhist temples in tuyugou valley where Mazha village is located

. In 481, King Gaochang organized craftsmen and Buddhists to dig Buddhist caves on a larger scale on the cliff of dinggukou (Maza Village). In the second year of Jingming (501), after the establishment of Gaochang state, Maza village belonged to Gaochang state.

In the Tang Dynasty, Maza village belonged to Gaochang County of Xizhou. In 792, Xizhou was broken by the Tubo, and Maza village belonged to the Tubo. In the seventh year of Weitong (866), the Uighur people in Beiting defeated Tubo and conquered Xizhou under the leadership of Gujun, the leader, to establish Gaochang Uighur kingdom. Maza village was attached to Gaochang Uighur kingdom.

Liao Dynasty, Maza village with Gaochang Uighur state, belongs to Liao Dynasty. Song Xing became a minister to song. Meng Yuan established the state and was subordinate to it. At the end of Yuan Dynasty, Islam began to spread to Turpan Basin where Maza village was located.

Around the second year of Hongwu (1392) of Ming Dynasty, erhuozhe Khan of the Khanate of East Chagatai captured Turpan Basin by force and forced local residents to convert to Islam. Islamic culture and Buddhist culture had a tragic impact in Mazha village. In the end, Buddhist monks died or lost, and Islam took root in Mazha village.

In 1732, the residents of Maza village moved to Guazhou with Emin and Zhuo, and were arranged in Sibao. After the autumn harvest in 1756, the residents of Mazha village moved back to tuyugou and were under the jurisdiction of rukeqin Prefecture. It was not until 1884 that the imperial power was abolished and the imperial restraint was abolished. After Shanshan county was established in 1902, eight stations were set up in the whole county. Mazha village belongs to tuyugoutai, and the civil and government affairs were managed by the township and agricultural officials.

In 1933, the township system was abolished and the district village system was changed. Shanshan county was under the jurisdiction of three districts, and Mazha village was the second district. In 1944, the township Baojia system was carried out. There were 3 towns and 5 townships in Shanshan county. Mazha village belonged to Huiwu township. In 1947, three towns and five townships in Shanshan county were merged into two towns and one Township, and Maza village belonged to Lukeqin town.

In 1950, the Baojia system was destroyed and four districts, 16 townships and 76 villages were established in Shanshan county. Mazha village belongs to tuyugou township of four districts (tuyugou District).

After the people's commune was established in 1958, Maza village belonged to the first group of Hongxing people's commune.

In 1978, the communes in Shanshan County abolished the political name and named after the original place name. Mazha village belongs to tuyugou people's commune.

In 1984, the township village was restored and Mazha village was subordinate to tuyugou village of tuyugou township as a group.

In May 2004, Maza village began to receive tourists.

geographical environment

Location context

Mazha village is located in tuyugou Township, southwest of Shanshan County, Turpan Prefecture, Xinjiang, and the south mouth of tuyugou at the south foot of Huoyan mountain. Its geographical coordinates are 89 ° 41.5 ′ E and 42 ° 51.5 ′ n, covering an area of 12 square kilometers.

 

topographic features

Maza village is located at the south end of tuyugou Grand Canyon in the eastern part of Huoyan mountain. It is located on the alluvial fan oasis formed by the action of ertanggou river system on Huoyan mountain. The highest altitude is 831.7 meters, and the lowest altitude is - 145 meters.

 

Climatic characteristics

Huoyanshan divides tuyugou Township into two natural climate zones, Shanbei and Shannan, and Mazha village belongs to Shannan climate zone. The low-lying and blocked climate features rapid warming and difficult heat dissipation. In spring, the temperature rises quickly, but the spring comes early, but there is a return to cold; in summer, the temperature is hot, and the time is as long as 160 days; in autumn, the temperature drops rapidly; in winter, the cold period is short, and the wind is light and the snow is sparse. It is cold in winter and hot in summer. The annual average temperature is 14.4 ℃, the extreme maximum temperature is 48 ℃, the extreme minimum temperature is - 29.9 ℃, the average annual precipitation is 17.6 mm, the average annual evaporation is 3216.6 mm, the maximum snow thickness is 18 cm, the maximum frozen soil depth is 117 cm, the average annual total sunshine hours is 2957.7 hours, and the average frost free period is 192-224 days. The area is rich in heat, sufficient sunshine, little precipitation, hot and dry climate, which is a typical "Huozhou climate".

 

hydrologic condition

The stream passing through Mazha village from north to South belongs to ertanggou river system in Turpan, known as subeixi river. The annual runoff is about 8-9 million cubic meters. It is not only the most important water source of Mazha village, but also irrigates tuyugou oasis, and the remaining water flows into Gobi desert.

 

Village characteristics

Site selection concept

Mazha village is surrounded by mountains and built by oases. The Subei river passes through the village and connects six settlement groups. The cultivated land in the village is distributed near the water, and the houses and cultivated land depend on each other and live near the water. The residential buildings are built on the platform between slopes. They are divided into three or five groups according to the undulation of the terrain. They are scattered high and low. They are integrated into the environment. The site selection coincides with the reasonable result of adapting to the slope valley terrain and the sunny and leeward desert Gobi terrain and climate.

 

spatial distribution

Mazha village is a typical Uyghur village with mosque as the center and surrounding several residential groups. The most prominent feature of the village is the religious landscape space axis formed by the mosque in the center of the village, the religious club and the tomb of the Seven Saints, which dominates the pattern of the whole village. Mazha tomb is located in the northwest highland of the village, more than 50 meters higher than the center of the village, overlooking the whole village, which is a landmark area of the village.

The overall layout and architectural form of Mazha village have no rules to follow. The ancient dwellings are scattered at the mouth of the valley, and nearly 70 families live together along the mountains and rivers in order. The tunnels in the village extend in all directions. All the dwellings are connected with each other, and each family has its own unit. From a distance, the whole building is integrated and has distinct characteristics.

 

Construction skills

The buildings in Mazha village are mainly two-layer yellow clay and raw soil buildings with civil structure. The upper layer is a bungalow, and the lower layer is a cave excavated from the mountain. The cave can also withstand the summer heat. According to the local natural environment and survival needs, the ancestors of Mazha village made full use of the yellow clay to build houses, and adopted various forms, such as building, building, digging, digging, arching, pasting, building (shed) and so on.

 

Economic society

population

According to the official website of the February 2020 Digital Museum of China's traditional villages, the Mazar village is mainly Uygur, with 65 villagers (15 of them have been relocated), registered residence population of 370, and permanent population of 1426.

 

Economics

Maza village takes agricultural production as the largest industry, mainly planting grapes.

 

According to the official website of Chinese traditional village digital museum in February 2020, the collective annual income of Mazha village is 20000 yuan, and the average annual income of villagers is 9626 yuan.

 

Main attractions

Tuyugou Grottoes

Tuyugou grottoes, known as "dinggu Grottoes" in ancient times, were excavated in the period of the Jin Dynasty and the Sixteen Kingdoms

Chinese PinYin : Tu Yu Gou Ma Zha Cun