Danxia in Chishui

Guizhou Chishui Danxia National Geopark

synonym

Chishui Danxia generally refers to Guizhou Chishui Danxia National Geopark

Guizhou Chishui Danxia National Geopark is located in Chishui City, Guizhou Province, in the southern edge of Sichuan Basin, close to the northern foot of Loushan mountain in northern Guizhou, and in the west of Yangtze paraplatform. It is the representative of Danxia Landform in early youth, with an area of more than 1200 square kilometers, and is the largest Danxia Landform in China.

Chishui Danxia contains a National Nature Reserve, two national forest parks and a national scenic spot, and is also the core area of the National Nature Reserve for rare and endemic fish in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. It mainly includes Chishui national scenic spot shizhangdong scenic spot, bing'an Bamboo Sea Scenic Spot, Chishui Alsophila spinulosa National Nature Reserve and Chishui Bamboo Sea National Forest Park

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The combination of Chishui Danxia and six famous Danxia Landform Scenic spots, including Langshan Mountain in Hunan, Danxia Mountain in Guangdong, Taining mountain in Fujian, Longhushan mountain in Jiangxi and jianglangshan mountain in Zhejiang, has become "China Danxia", which has been voted as the Eighth World Natural Heritage Project in China at the 34th World Heritage conference.

Historical evolution

Forming history

The formation and development of Danxia Landform in Chishui can be roughly divided into four stages, namely, ancient lake deposition stage, uplift and erosion stage, juvenile Danxia stage and young Danxia stage.

Paleolake sedimentary period

The Indosinian movement in the middle and Late Triassic made the Zhongtai depression in Sichuan subside, forming the Bashu ancient lake. During the Late Triassic to Cretaceous, it was in the inland lake basin environment, and deposited thousands of meters thick red beds and coal bearing assemblages, which provided a good material basis for the development of Danxia landform in Chishui.

Uplift and denudation period

The Yanshanian movement at the end of Cretaceous made the Zhongtai depression of Sichuan separate from the environment of inland lake basin. The thick red bed originally deposited in the ancient Bashu Lake exposed to the surface. During the Tertiary period, it experienced a long period of intermittent denudation and planation along with the northern Guizhou platform uplift to the South, forming a multi-level planation surface with gentle relief. Topographically, it is high in the southeast and low in the northwest.

Youth Danxia phase I

After entering the Quaternary, affected by the neotectonic movement, Guizhou Plateau tilted and uplifted, resulting in the development of Danxia Landform in Chishui towards the direction of rejuvenation. The Sichuan Basin is strongly compressed, especially in the marginal areas. Because of the strong rigidity, poor fold development and small rise in Sichuan Basin, the dip angle of strata in most areas is gentle, but the steep x joints are very developed. The Jurassic and Cretaceous red beds in the southern margin of Sichuan Basin, where Chishui Danxia is located, have risen significantly due to the rapid uplift of Guizhou Plateau. The height difference between Guizhou Plateau and Sichuan Basin is further enlarged. The Chishui River and its tributaries were strongly cut down by this influence, resulting in inherited development, and deep canyons were formed along the large joints, and the paleoplanation surface formed in the Tertiary period began to disintegrate. However, due to the short time of undercutting and erosion, the valley is not deep, and a large area of continuous plateau is still preserved in many areas. Due to the influence of gravity collapse around the platform, some Chibi Danya begin to develop, but the height is not large.

Youth Danxia phase II

With the continuous cutting of Chishui River and its tributaries, the Danxia landform develops to the depth. The peak height of the eastern core area is basically the same (1400-1500m), the ancient planation surface can be seen faintly, and the Danxia landscape of Shanyuan gorge type is very typical. The number of "V" shaped Danxia deep valleys is greatly increased, and the depth is much larger than that of the previous stage. The relative height difference from the bottom of the valley to the top of the mountain can generally reach several hundred meters. As the representative landscape of Danxia in Chishui, Danxia cliff has a great development in both quantity and height compared with the previous stage. Danxia cliff with a height of several hundred meters can be seen everywhere. The western region is in the early youth stage of rejuvenation, and the watershed area has retained a large area of plateau, but the surrounding areas have begun to suffer from relatively strong cutting and tend to be broken, but the depth and spatial distribution density of the canyon are far less than the eastern core area, which belongs to the typical Danxia landform of plateau Canyon type, forming a more obvious spatial contrast with the eastern core area.

 

 

Repairing history

On December 12, 2006, Chishui began the preparatory work for Danxia's application for world heritage.

On July 23, 2008, with the help of UNESCO, Li Guangrong led Fu Yuliang, Secretary of Chishui municipal Party committee mu Rongkun and relevant personnel to Beijing to report the progress of applying for the world natural heritage of Chishui Danxia landform to Mr. Yayi, chairman of the Executive Board of UNESCO. They said they would strongly support and help Chishui Danxia landform apply for world natural heritage.

On October 16, 2008, the office of Guizhou Provincial People's government set up a leading group to declare China's Danxia landform world natural heritage, with vice governor Xin Weiguang as the leader.

On March 2, 2009, the World Heritage Center officially accepted the application project of China's Danxia world natural heritage, and commissioned the World Union for conservation of nature (IUCN) to investigate and evaluate the six nominated sites of Danxia in China.

On January 15, 2010, IUCN experts put forward supplementary suggestions for China's Danxia World Heritage application project.

 

geographical environment

Location area

Chishui Danxia core area is 273.64 square kilometers, buffer area is 448.14 square kilometers, the total area is 721.78 square kilometers. It is the largest Danxia landscape in China

 

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The heritage site is located between 105 ° 42 ′ 30 ″ e to 106 ° 10 ′ 50 ″ E and 28 ° 17 ′ 51 ″ n to 28 ° 31 ′ 38 ″. The total area of the heritage site is 721.78 square kilometers, and the core area and buffer area are 273.64 square kilometers and 448.14 square kilometers respectively. Taking Chishui River as the boundary, the heritage site is divided into East and west areas. The area of Chishui Danxia (West Area) is 101.42 square kilometers, and the coordinates of the central point are 105 ° 47 ′ 39 ″ E and 28 ° 22 ′ 11 ″ n; the area of Chishui Danxia (East Area) is 172.22 square kilometers, and the coordinates of the central point are 106 ° 2 ′ 33 ″ E and 28 ° 25 ′ 19 ″ n.

 

topographic features

Chishui Danxia is located in the southern margin of Sichuan Basin, the largest red bed basin in China. The Danxia Landform in Chishui is in the early development stage of rejuvenation youth, with canyons, cliffs, streams and waterfalls all over the area. The Danxia landform is mainly plateau Canyon type and mountain valley type, with deep canyons, broken ground and undulating terrain. The highest altitude is about 1730 meters, and the lowest is 240 meters. The relative elevation difference is nearly 1500 meters. There are multi-level topographical surfaces such as 1600-1700 meters, 1400-1500 meters, 1200-1300 meters, 900-1000 meters and 300-500 meters. The Cretaceous Jiading group is the core material basis for the development of Danxia Landform in Chishui. It is mainly composed of thick massive red sandstone intercalated with siltstone of fluvial and lacustrine facies. The rock is hard and has strong erosion resistance. The vertical joints are developed, and the high and majestic Danxia landform such as Canyon and cliff are mostly developed. The Jurassic strata are dominated by purplish red, purplish gray sandstone, mudstone and shale, with soft lithology and weak erosion resistance. It is dominated by denudation erosion red rock low mountains and hills, with gentle slope.

 

Climatic characteristics

air temperature

The subtropical mountain monsoon climate prevails in Chishui City. The annual average temperature is 18.1 ℃, and the annual sunshine hours are 1297.7 hours. The highest average temperature is about 28 ℃ in July, and the lowest is about 7.9 ℃ in January. The annual temperature range is 20.1 ~ 20.5 ℃. The extreme low temperature ranges from - 7.1 ℃ to - 3.3 ℃, and the extreme high temperature ranges from 35.7 ℃ to 40.5 ℃. The annual average temperature is relatively low, generally 16-17 ℃, the extreme minimum temperature is - 4 ℃, and the extreme maximum temperature is 39 ℃. As the terrain is covered and the trees are luxuriant, the harmful high temperature above 40 ℃ is rare.

precipitation

The annual precipitation ranges from 800 mm to 1700 mm. The precipitation is mainly concentrated from April to October, accounting for more than 80% of the whole year. The precipitation in summer (June to August) is the most, reaching 383-681 mm, accounting for 40.12% - 44.7% of the annual rainfall. The precipitation in winter (December to February) is the least, only 58.3-166 mm, accounting for 6.5% - 10.5% of the annual rainfall. The dominant wind direction is north wind all year round, southeast wind in summer and north wind in winter. The extreme wind speed can reach 27 meters per second and the wind force is 10. The average wind speed is 1.6 meters per second. The gales above grade 8 often occur from March to September, with the most in July and August.

 

natural resources

Botany

There are 2116 species of higher plants in Danxia area of Chishui

 

There are 25 species of 21 genera endemic to China, and a large number of IUCN species red list and Chinese species red list

Chinese PinYin : Chi Shui Dan Xia