Xingkai Lake

Xingkai Lake

According to historical records of Xingkai Lake (also known as hsing-k'ai Hu or Xingkai Hu), it was called Meituo Lake in the Tang Dynasty, which was famous for its rich production of "Meituo crucian carp"; it was also called "Beiqin sea" in the Jin Dynasty because of its shape like "Yueqin"; it was changed to Xingkai Lake after the Qing Dynasty, which was a shallow lake on the border between China and Russia.

Xingkai is a Manchu language. Xingkai Lake was originally an inner lake in China. After the signing of the Beijing treaty between China and Russia in 1860, it became a boundary lake between China and Russia. In the southeast of Heilongjiang Province, it is located in Mishan City, a county-level city under Jixi City, Heilongjiang Province. It is 35 kilometers away from Mishan city. One third of the area in the north is China, and the south is Russia. Daxingkai lake is more than 100 kilometers long from north to South and 60 kilometers wide from east to west, covering an area of 4380 square kilometers. The elevation of the lake is 69 meters, the deepest is 10 meters, and the total water storage is about 24-26 billion cubic meters. Xiaoxingkai lake is 35 kilometers long from East to west, 4.5 kilometers wide from north to south, covering an area of 176 square kilometers, and the deepest is 4-5 meters. 45 ° 20 ′ N and 132 ° 40 ′ E. The lake began to freeze in December, and the lake was frozen in 10-15 days. From the end of February to the beginning of March, the ice is 0.9 meters thick. Thaw in mid and late April.

There are many marshes around the lake and mud and humus at the bottom of the lake. The lake is turbid with a transparency of only 60 cm. The lake water flows out from the vicinity of Longwangmiao in the northeast to songacha River and flows into Wusuli River. It is rich in fish. It is a national (AAAA) resort for vacation, health preservation and tourism, known as "Oriental Hawaii". The rare original ecological wetland environment has become an ideal country for photographers and a location shooting base for films and TV dramas.

brief introduction

Xingkai Lake is composed of large and small lakes. Although daxingkai lake and xiaoxingkai lake are very close, their landscapes are different.

There are many marshes in Xingkai Lake, the water is turbid, and the transparency is only 60 cm.

There is a natural lake ridge about one kilometer wide between the two lakes.

On the lake hillock is a dense forest, which is covered with thick pine carpet. The pine and oak trees of Xingkai Lake.

Deer, minks, foxes, pheasants, wild boars, weasels and other animals infest the area. They stretch for 100 kilometers along this side of China and are covered with Xingkai red pine, which is a local unique species.

The soil in Shagang is mainly sandy soil. The main wind in this area is from Russia. The lake water flows out from the Northeast near Longwangmiao and flows into songacha river. There are nine rivers flowing into songacha river. The lake water overflows from the northeast and finally flows into Wusuli River. There is xiaoxingkai Lake in Hubei Province. There is a sand bar about 1km wide between the two lakes, which connects when the water rises.

It is rich in fish. The lake is connected with Wusuli River through songacha river.

Xingkai Lake is a natural water body with many functions, such as flood control, water storage, drainage, irrigation and tourism.

morphological character

Xingkai Lake is the largest lake in Heilongjiang Basin. It is located in the southeast of Heilongjiang Province and the far east coastal area of Russia. It is a boundary lake between China and Russia. Xingkai Lake is divided into large and small Xingkai lakes, which are tectonic lakes formed by the collapse of orogenic crust.

Xingkai Lake is oval, wide in the north and narrow in the south. It is 90km long from north to South and 50km wide from east to west.

The surface area of Xingkai Lake is 4010km2 at normal water level.

Among them, the Chinese side is about 1080km2, accounting for 26.9% of the area of Xingkai Lake. The average lake level elevation is 68.86m (Baltic Sea elevation, the same below).

The slope of Xingkai Lake bed is very gentle, forming a broad beach. The maximum depth of the lake is about 10m.

The West Bank and part of the southwest Bank of the lake are highlands. In some places, cliffs covered with broad-leaved trees are on the edge of the lake. The East and south banks of the lake are low and swampy, and most of them are submerged at high water level.

The North Bank of the lake is densely covered with sand dunes, 5-6m high. Most of the lakeshore is covered with grass.

Xiaoxingkai lake is located in the north of daxingkai lake, all in China, separated from daxingkai Lake by a hillock, with a large wetland on the north bank.

Xiaoxingkai lake is about 36 km long from east to west and 3-6 km wide from south to north. The lake area is 176 km2 at normal water level.

The water level of the lake is higher than that of daxingkai lake, and the lake water flows into daxingkai lake from hugang sluice.

Water system composition

Xingkai Lake water system is a part of Wusuli River Basin. The lake overflows from the northeast and is the source of songacha River, namely the source of Wusuli River.

The water system of Xingkai Lake is composed of big wusachi River, komisarovka River (Xintu River), meiligunovka River (Mo River), illistaya River (Lefu River), beraya River, spasovka River (sandaohezi River), Muling River and xiaoxingkai lake.

Except Muling River and xiaoxingkai Lake in China, other rivers are in Russia.

Before 1942, the drainage area of Xingkai Lake was 22400 km2.

In 1942, muxing flood diversion channel was built, and the river water flowed into Xingkai Lake along muxing waterway (flood diversion channel), and continued to flow eastward along the original channel of Muling River, and flowed into Wusuli River at huashulinzi, 18km south of Hutou. At present, the drainage area of Xingkai Lake is 36400km2.

Xingkai Lake is a boundary lake between China and Russia, one third of which belongs to China in the north and Russia in the south. Xingkai Lake is the general name of daxingkai lake and xiaoxingkai lake. The lake area is oval in shape, wide in the north and narrow in the south. Xiaoxingkai lake and daxingkai lake are separated by a natural sand bar, and the widest part of the sand bar is about 1km. The altitude is 69m, and the total area is 4556km2, of which the large lake is 4380km2 (1220km2 in China), Xiaoxingkai lake is 60km wide from east to west, 90km long from north to south, 400km long from south to north, with a maximum depth of 10m and an average depth of 3.5m. The normal water storage is 15.33 billion cubic meters and the maximum water storage is 22.5 billion cubic meters. Xiaoxingkai lake is 34.5km long from East to west, 4.5km wide from north to south, with an area of 176km2, a perimeter of 90km and an average depth of 1.8m.

Hydrological characteristics

(1) Water level. There are two forms of water level change in Xingkai Lake: dynamic and static. Water level changes caused by dynamic factors such as wave, water increase, water decrease, rising tide and falling tide; water level changes caused by water balance factors are static factors.

Xingkai Lake is a lake directly recharged by river water. Because it is located in the temperate monsoon climate zone and has a large amount of precipitation in summer, the river recharge is mainly rain water, and the water level of the lake is obviously controlled by the water regime of the river into the lake. Due to the regulation of the lake, the water level changes gently, the flood peak lags behind, and the highest water level mostly appears in the rainy season. The recharge coefficient of Xingkai Lake is small, and the annual average water level variation is also small.

From 1939 to 1989, the average water level of astrahanka station was 68.86m, the annual average water level variation was 1.79M, and the highest water level over the years was 70.33m,

The lowest water level over the years is 67.36m, and the maximum water level over the years is 2.97M. The lake water changes periodically for many years.

(2) Increase and decrease water. The increase and decrease of water level means that under the action of wind, the water level on the windward bank rises and that on the leeward bank drops, so the lake surface tilts. Xingkai Lake is a shallow lake with weak compensatory flow and obvious water increase and decrease.

The increase and decrease of water occurred in the middle and late April to the first and middle November.

(3) The temperature of the lake. The heat of lake water mainly comes from solar radiation, which is closely related to the lake climate. The freezing period of the lake water is longer in winter and the water temperature is lower in summer. The temperature of lake water has obvious diurnal and annual variation. Daily water temperature: in April, may and October, November, the daily change is larger, but the change is gentle.

The annual maximum water temperature occurs from late July to mid August, and from late June to early July in some years. The highest water temperature over the years was 33.1 ℃ in 1989.

The dates of water temperature passing 0.2 ℃, 4 ℃ and 10 ℃ in spring are April 10, April 25 and May 16 respectively; the dates of water temperature passing 0.2 ℃, 4 ℃ and 10 ℃ in autumn are November 20, October 31 and October 14 respectively.

The number of days with water temperature higher than 10 ℃ in the year was 152 days. The days higher than 4 ℃ were 190D.

(4) Ice situation. The water of Xingkai Lake flows in from the south, the temperature is higher in the South and lower in the north, and there is a certain temperature difference. The change of ice condition corresponds to the temperature change. The date of early ice in autumn is 1-3 days later in the South than in the north, and the date of melting ice in spring is 1-5 days earlier in the South than in the north.

The first ice date is November 7, the lake closure date is November 22, the spring ice cracking date is March 27, and the lake opening date is April 10. The glacial period lasted 157 days, the longest 176 days and the shortest 137 days. The maximum ice thickness is 0.84-1.14m, which occurs from late February to mid March.

(5) Sediment. The sediment in Xingkai Lake mainly comes from the suspended sediment and bed load sediment in the channel of the river entering the lake. The sediment concentration of rivers entering the lake is the highest in April, followed by August, and the lowest from December to March.

The average sediment concentration of the river entering the lake is 77g / M ~ 3 in spring (April to May) and 50g / M ~ 3 in summer (June to September). The average sediment concentration of the lake is 37G / M ~ 3 in winter, 111g / M ~ 3 in spring, 67g / M ~ 3 in summer and 107 / M ~ 3 in autumn. The sediment concentration of lake water is high in May and June, but low in February and March.

The maximum sediment concentration is 500g / M ~ 3, and the minimum is 4G / M ~ 3

Chinese PinYin : Xing Kai Hu