Skyrocketing tree

Jin qiansong

synonym

Chongtian tree generally refers to jinqiansong

Pseudolarix amabilis (Nelson) Rehd. < / I) is a species of Pseudolarix. Also known as Jinsong (Hangzhou), Shuishu (Huzhou, Zhejiang). The leaves are strip-shaped, flat and soft. They are scattered in a spiral shape on the long branches and clustered in 15-30 clusters on the short branches. They radiate and spread all around. After autumn, they turn golden yellow and round like copper coins.

Jinqiansong is a famous ancient relic plant. The earliest fossils are found in the late Cretaceous strata of eastern and western Siberia. The Paleocene to Pliocene are also found in Spitsbergen islands, Europe, Central Asia, western United States, Northeast China and Japan. Due to the change of climate, especially the advent of the Pleistocene ice age, the species of Lysimachia fortunei were extinct. Only a few areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in china survived. Because of its scattered distribution, rare individuals and obvious intermittence of fruiting, it needs to be protected.

Wood texture straight, moderate hardness, slightly coarse material, brittle. It can be used as building, board, furniture, utensils and wood fiber industrial raw materials; the bark can extract tannin extract, which can be used as medicine (commonly known as Hibiscus bark) to help treat tinea and food accumulation; the root bark can also be used as medicine, and can also be used as papermaking glue; the seed can extract oil.

morphological character

Tree, up to 40 meters high, DBH up to 1.7 meters; trunk straight, bark rough, gray brown, split into irregular scaly pieces; branches flat, crown wide tower shaped; annual branches light reddish brown or light reddish yellow, glabrous, shiny, two or three-year-old branches light yellowish gray or light brown gray, light purple brown, old branches and short branches gray, dark gray or light brown gray; rectangular short branches It grows very slowly and has dense ring like leaf pillow. The leaves are strip-shaped, soft, falcate or straight. The upper part is slightly wide, 2-5.5 cm long and 1.5-4 mm wide (the leaves of young trees and sprouting branches are 7 cm long and 5 mm wide). The apex is sharp or pointed. The upper part is green, and the midrib is slightly visible. The lower part is blue-green, and the midrib is obvious. There are 5-14 stomatal lines on each side, and the stomatal zone is wider or nearly equal to the midrib zone The leaves are dense in shape, flat in disc shape, and golden in color after autumn.

The male cones are yellow, columnar, pendulous, 5-8 mm long and 4-7 mm long; the female cones are purplish red, erect, elliptic, about 1.3 cm long, with short stalks.

Cones ovoid or obovate, 6-7.5 cm long, 4-5 cm in diameter, green or yellowish green before maturity, reddish brown at maturity, with short stalks; middle seed scales ovate lanceolate, 2.8-3.5 cm long, base about 1.7 cm wide, auricular on both sides, apex obtuse and concave, ventral seed wing scar between longitudinal ridge raised, ridge densely pubescent, scale back smooth hairless; bract scales about species long 1 / 4-1 / 3 of scales, ovate lanceolate, margin denticulate; seeds ovate, white, about 6 mm long, seed wings triangular lanceolate, yellowish or brownish yellow, glossy above, with seeds almost as long as seed scales. The flowering period is April and the cones mature in October.

Growth habit

It is scattered in coniferous and broad-leaved forests in the area of 100-1500 meters above sea level. It grows fast and likes to grow in warm, rainy, deep, fertile and well drained acidic soil mountain area.

In the early stage, it was a little resistant to shade, and later it needed to be enhanced. The annual average temperature is 15.0 to 18.0 degrees centigrade, and the absolute minimum temperature is less than minus 10 degrees centigrade. Jinqiansong has strong fire resistance.

geographical distribution

Produced in southern Jiangsu (Yixing), Zhejiang, Southern Anhui, Northern Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei Lichuan to Sichuan Wanxian junction area.

Methods of reproduction

Propagation by cutting or sowing. The mother trees over 20 years old should be selected for seed collection. When the cones are not fully mature, they should be harvested as early as possible. If they are harvested late, the seeds will fall off with scales. The soil of nursery should be inoculated with mycorrhiza. Transplantation should be carried out before germination, and attention should be paid to the protection and more mycorrhiza. Pinus Lysimachia is a mycorrhizal tree species, which should be sown in the forest. Or cover the seedbed with mycorrhizal soil, and the nursery is suitable for continuous cropping. One year old seedlings are 15-20 cm high, which are generally cultivated in bed for two years, and planted with three-year-old seedlings. It is also easy to be successful to carry out direct seeding afforestation or artificial promotion of natural regeneration in the year of high seed harvest. The survival rate can reach 70% by cutting the branches of young trees under 10 years old.

cuttage

Larix kaempferi is a deciduous tree. Its propagation technique is mainly cutting and sowing. Cutting in spring or autumn, especially in early spring, the survival rate of cutting is higher, generally up to 85%. Before sprouting in spring, it's better to combine pruning and cutting branches 10 to 12 cm, with 3 to 5 full buds at the top. The cuttings should be directly put into the seedbed with the depth of 6-8 cm and the spacing between plants and rows of 5 × 10 cm. Pay attention to shading to prevent the soil from being too wet. After transplanting, pour enough water, cover the border with a 50 cm high plastic film bow shed to keep the seedbed moist, and then set up a 1.8-meter-high shade shed above the bow shed. The material is double-layer shading net to facilitate air circulation and reduce the occurrence of diseases and pests. After rooting, the shading net should be removed layer by layer, and the light of seedbed should be increased gradually. At last, the film small arch shed should be kept to prevent the cold and overwintering. In the next spring, the seedlings should be transplanted with more perennial soil, which is easy to survive. The planting season should be from defoliation in winter to germination in the next spring. It should be sparsely planted. The root soil should be loosened 2-3 times a year after planting, and pruning is not suitable for tending.

sow

In general, the bearing years are 3-5 years apart, and in some cases, the high yield can be achieved only once every 7 years. The seeds in the cones of young trees are mostly empty seeds, so the mother tree with more than 20 years old and vigorous growth should be selected for seed collection. The seeds were collected from October to November, spread indoors and ripened. 8-12 kg seeds could be obtained per 100 kg cones. The seed germination rate is generally above 60%. In order to carry mycorrhiza, the soil under the Pinus tabulaeformis forest should be mixed in the nursery. From early February to early March, the seeds should be soaked in 40CC warm water (natural cooling) for one day and night before sowing. The sowing rate is 12kg per mu. After sowing, cover it with soil with mycorrhiza, and cover it with straw or other mulch to prevent seeds from being seen. Generally, it will germinate after 20 days, and the grass should be removed in time. The seedling stage needs half shade environment, and the Bordeaux solution can be sprayed on sunny days to prevent the disease. The management of water and fertilizer should be done frequently in seedling stage. Before and after September, when we enter the vigorous growth period, we should strengthen management to promote rapid growth. Under normal management, the height of current year seedlings can reach 10-15 cm, which can be kept in bed for one year. The seedlings used for suburban greening must be transplanted and cultivated. Because of the symbiotic relationship between Lysimachia christinae and mycorrhiza, it is necessary to mix mycorrhizal soil for propagation and Cultivation in new area.

In spring, it was planted before leaf bud sprouting, and in autumn and winter, it was planted after defoliation. Small and medium-sized seedlings are transplanted with soil, and large seedlings must be excavated with mud balls.

cultivation techniques

Seed collection

The interval of seed setting is long, usually every 3-5 years. The cones mature in the middle and late October, and can be harvested when the seed scales turn light yellow. When collecting seeds, we should choose 20-30-year-old robust mother trees without diseases and pests. After the cones are picked, they are stacked in the room to crack the seed scales. After threshing, they can be screened and stored in a ventilated and dry place (the seed yield is 12-15%). The weight of 1000 seeds is 20-24g, 20000-24000 seeds per kilogram. The indoor germination rate is more than 80%.

grow seedlings

As a mycorrhizal tree species, it is suitable to establish a permanent seedling base in the mountains with an altitude of 400-500 meters, or to raise seedlings in the forest with mycelium in the soil. In plain and hilly areas, fertile, moist and loose soil can be selected as nursery. After applying enough base fertilizer, the soil should be prepared and the bed should be built. Intensive cultivation should be carried out, the mud should be broken, and the bed surface should be leveled. The sowing season is from the first ten days of March to the middle ten days of March. Before sowing, the seeds are soaked in 40 ℃ warm water for 18-24 hours, and then disinfected with 0.5% formalin solution. Drill seedling, strip distance 20 cm, sowing ditch to spread a layer of fine soil. 15 kg seeds per mu. After sowing, cover the seeds with thin soil, cover the seeds with burnt mud, and then cover with grass.

Two weeks after sowing, the seedlings were unearthed, and 20 days after sowing. After most of the seedlings were unearthed, the grass cover was removed. Fertilizer can be applied once or twice a month from May to July, and 2-5kg ammonium sulfate per mu. The height of the first year seedlings is 10 cm, and they must be kept in bed for one year. Before germination in the spring of the second year, they should be treated with dilute human feces or ammonium sulfate (2-3 kg / mu). After thinning, 60000-80000 seedlings per mu should be kept. The height of the second year seedlings is more than 30 cm.

Afforestation technology

The trees were planted after defoliation in winter and before germination in the second year. 2-3-year-old seedlings are commonly used for afforestation.

Afforestation density: 200-240 plants / mu. 7 × 1. 7 ～ 1. 5 × 2m. The height of 2-year-old first-class seedlings is more than 35 cm, and the ground diameter is more than 0.5 cm. The height of 3-year-old first-class seedlings is more than 50 cm, and the ground diameter is more than 0.8 cm.

Method of land preparation: block land preparation is not less than 50 × 1250px, and the depth is not less than 500px. The bottom diameter and depth of planting hole are not less than 750px and 750px respectively.

Nursing management

Annual management: the beginning of Jin qiansong

Chinese PinYin : Chong Tian Shu