Taixue

Taixue

Taixue is the highest national institution in ancient China. The name of Taixue began in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, Taixue had different appellations,

In Xia Dynasty, it was Dongxu, in Shang Dynasty, it was Youxue, in Zhou Dynasty, it was Shangxiang, in the western suburb of Luoyi

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During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he adopted Dong Zhongshu's "three strategies of heaven and man" and "may your majesty develop Taixue and set up Mingshi in order to cultivate the people in the world", and set up Taixue in Chang'an, the capital. In Wang Mang's time, the whole world was in disorder. "Rites and music were broken up, and the classics were incomplete." the scholars of the four directions had many books and fled to the forest, and the Imperial Academy was scattered.

When Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty Liu Xiu became emperor, before his army stopped, he began to develop culture and education. Taixue of the Eastern Han Dynasty was founded in October of the fifth year of Jianwu (AD 29). Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty set up Taixue, visited the elegant scholars, and sought the classics. The four scholars met in Luoyang, the capital, and established a doctor of Wujing. In the 27th year of Jianwu, the Taixue lecture hall was built "ten (Zhang) long and three Zhang wide". In the sixth year of Yongjian (130), Emperor Shun of the Han Dynasty issued an edict to rush to school, saying, "all the buildings have 240 rooms and 1850 rooms.". It employs 112000 people every year, and the construction scale has reached an unprecedented level. By the time of emperor Hanzhi, there were more than 30000 students.

The origin of Taixue

The word "Taixue" already existed in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In dadaiji, it is said: "when the emperor enters Taixue, Chengshi asks." The Imperial Academy of the Western Zhou Dynasty is also called the University, which was set up by the emperor and the princes. "The university is in the suburbs, the emperor said Biyong, and the princes said Pangong.". However, Biyong and Pangong are not pure universities. This place is also like a palace, where nobles often offer sacrifices, hold banquets, select warriors, and negotiate battle plans. After winning the battle, he also came here to "offer his prisoners" and "report his merits.". This is because: "there were not many palaces in the ancient times. All the rituals of sacrifice, military rituals, learning rituals, as well as the rituals of looking at Qi, managing calendar, providing for the aged, practicing archery, and following the sages were performed in the Ming hall. And Mingtang, Taimiao, Taixue and Lingtai are one place. "

Although there were Taixue in ancient times, Mingtang and Taixue were mixed together, and political, sacrificial and learning activities were all mixed together, which did not have the professional and systematic nature of feudal education. This can only be said to be the germination of Taixue.

historical origin

Taixue is a kind of University in ancient China. It was founded in the fifth year of Yuanshuo, Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. In ancient times, universities were called Chengjun and Shangxiang. Dong Zhongshu: "the five emperors named the University Chengjun", Zheng Xuan: "Shangxiang was a university, in the western suburb of Wangcheng." As for Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, the University was the eastern preface in Xia, the right school in Yin, and the eastern Jiao in Zhou. In Zhou Dynasty, there were five universities: the eastern preface in the East, the xuzong in the west, the Chengjun in the south, the Shangxiang in the North, and the piyong in the middle. In the Han Dynasty, the Imperial College was set up in the capital, which was the central government school and the highest institution of learning. The Imperial College was also in charge of the national education administration. After Sui Dynasty, it was changed into Guozijian, and there was also Taixue in Guozijian.

Taixue was the highest educational institution in the capital in the Han Dynasty. In the early Western Han Dynasty, Huang Lao's learning was very popular. There was only private teaching, and there was no school set up by the government to impart academic knowledge. After Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty deposed one hundred schools of Confucianism, he adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and established Taixue in Chang'an. At first, there were only five classics doctors in Taixue, with 50 students. From Emperor Wu to Xinmang, the subjects and the number of people in Taixue gradually increased, offering courses to explain the book of changes, the book of songs, Shangshu, the book of rites, Gongyang Zhuan, Guliang Zhuan, Zuozhuan, Zhouguan, Erya, etc. During the reign of emperor yuan of the Han Dynasty, the number of doctoral students reached 1000, and it increased to 3000 when Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty. Wang Mang was in power. In order to establish his own reputation and win over the broad masses of Confucian scholars, he built Biyong and Mingtang in the south of Chang'an City, and built Shewan district for scholars. There are more than 10000 doctoral students. The scale of Taixue is unprecedented. When Emperor Wu arrived at Wang Mang, he was a disciple of the year-old doctor's class, and was selected as a supplementary official.

The Western Han Dynasty

In the fifth year of Yuanshuo (124bc), Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty set up Taixue in Chang'an. Among the Taixue, a doctor was appointed as a professor. At the beginning, a doctor of five classics was set up to teach Confucian classics such as Shi, Shu, Li, Yi and Chunqiu. During the reign of Emperor Xuan, the number of doctors increased to 12, and that of Wang Mang to 30. Students are called "doctoral students" or "Taixue students". The number of Taixue was 50 at the beginning, 100 at the time of emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty and 10000 at the time of Wang Mang. The selection of "doctoral students" is carried out by Taichang internally and by prefectures externally. Emperor Wu also ordered the prefectures to set up school officials and set up a local education system. Taixue and junguoxue mainly cultivated feudal bureaucrats who ruled the people, but they also played an important role in spreading culture. From Wei Jin to Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were Taixue, Guozixue, Guozijian, or both, which were the highest institutions to teach Confucian classics.

Han and Wei Dynasties

In the fifth year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 29), Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty, built Taixue outside Kaiyang gate in the southeast of Luoyang City. Later, Liu Zhuang, emperor of the Han and Ming Dynasties, went to Taixue to give lectures. In the first year of Yongjian (126 AD), Emperor Shun of Han Dynasty rebuilt and expanded Taixue. It took one year to build 240 rooms and 1850 rooms with 12000 apprentices. The students are called Tai students. Since then, the number of Tai students has reached 30000. In the fourth year of Xiping reign of Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty (A.D. 175), the famous Xiping stone Scripture was carved in order to correct the Scriptures. It was set up outside the Imperial College. People from all over the country came to watch and copy the Scriptures. In the Han Dynasty, Taixue played a certain role in cultivating talents and promoting cultural development. But with the corruption of politics, the students began to participate in politics. During the reign of Ai Di in the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Xian, a doctoral student, gathered more than a thousand students in an attempt to rescue Bao Xuan, the commander of Sili school, who was in charge of the law. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, chen fan, Li Ying and others opposed the eunuch's dark rule, and they got the support and response of Taisheng. So Taisheng became the target of eunuch's attack (see Danggu), and many people who were involved in the party were imprisoned. In the first year of Xiping, more than 1000 students were arrested and imprisoned by eunuchs.

Cao pihuang, Emperor Wen of Wei Dynasty, restored the Imperial College of Luoyang with 19 doctors. The number of Tai students increased to more than one thousand during the reign of emperor Wei Ming. According to the system of Han Dynasty, the five classics were set up. Those who passed the examination could make up for anecdotes, the prince and the doctor. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Jin Dynasty, there were 3000 students (more than 7000 in a word). According to the regulations of Jin order, those who passed the examination could be called doctors. The great change of the education system in the Western Jin Dynasty was the establishment of Guozi school for the children of bureaucrats of five grades and above, which formed a dual track system in which the aristocracy and the lower class educated separately, and Guozi school and Taixue school coexisted. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, school education declined, while in the Southern Dynasty, school education revived. Most of the students were the children of high-ranking officials of the gentry. They were called "Guozhou" or "Shizhou". They could become officials through Mingjing, but the Imperial College usually had only doctors and no students.

During the period of the Sixteen States, some minority regimes also set up Taixue, four schools, prefectural schools, and law schools. The status of students was limited, generally limited to the children of ministers. However, the rise and fall of various regimes are uncertain, and schools should be set up in time. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Emperor Daowu set up a school, which was called Prince Taixue. Later, don't set up a grand school. Guozi school was once renamed Zhongshu school, and then changed back to Zhongshu school. County school is also called Taixue. During the reign of Emperor Xiaowen and Emperor Xuanwu, four primary schools were set up, forming a system of three schools, namely Guozi school, Taixue school and Simen primary school. From the late Northern and Southern Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty, there were three kinds of learning: law learning (learning laws), calligraphy learning (learning characters), and arithmetic learning (learning counting).

Tang dynasty

Guozijian in Tang Dynasty includes Guozixue, Taixue, simenxue, Luxue, Shuxue and Suanshu. The difference between schools is related to the status of the students. Guozixue, Taixue and simenxue are respectively for the children of bureaucrats of three grades, five grades and seven grades or above, while jurisprudence, calligraphy and arithmetic are for the children of eight grades or below and the common people. In addition, Guozi students, Tai students and Si students learn Confucian classics, while students of law, calligraphy and arithmetic learn special skills. There were 300 students in the Imperial College, 500 in Taixue, 1300 in four subjects, 50 in law, and 30 in calligraphy and mathematics. The school age is from 14 to 19 years old, and that of law school is from 18 to 25 years old. In the second year of longshuo of Gaozong (662 AD), a Guozijian was set up in Luoyang, the eastern capital of China. Together with the Guozijian of Chang'an, it was called "Liangjian".

The governor of the Imperial Academy offered sacrifices to the emperor and presided over the government affairs. Under the division of industry as the deputy, and Cheng (supervisor), the main book (seal), recording. There are doctorates, teaching assistants, classics, direct speaking and other academic officials in charge of teaching. After entering the school, the students of the Imperial College, the students of the Imperial College and the students of the Imperial College should be divided into different subjects according to whether they will be admitted to the Imperial College or the classics. There are three kinds of Confucian Classics: the book of rites and Zuozhuan, the book of songs, Zhouli and Yili, the book of changes, Shangshu, Gongyangzhuan and Guliang Zhuan. For those who know the three classics, there are one big, one middle and one small one; for those who know the five classics, there are all big ones and one more; for those who know the filial piety and the Analects of Confucius, they all need to be mastered. This is basically consistent with the examination requirements of Jinshi and Mingjing. The school recommends the candidates to the Ministry of rites every year. If they are not good at their studies and can not be recommended for many years, or they fail to be recommended for many years, they will often be dismissed by the school.

In the early Tang Dynasty, most of the Jinshi and Wenming scholars came from the two prison students. In the choice, the examiners also deliberately lay particular stress on the students. When Jin Shi was not born in two prisons, he was deeply ashamed. Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, once ordered that all the people in the world supplement schools. However, after the an Shi rebellion, due to political chaos and financial difficulties, the school went from prosperity to decline. The number of students was less than one-third or one-quarter of that in the old days

Chinese PinYin : Tai Xue