Huanglong Scenic Area

Huanglong Scenic Area

Huanglong scenic spot is located in Songpan County, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. It covers an area of 700 square kilometers.

It is the only well protected plateau wetland in China, 100 kilometers away from Jiuzhaigou, with an altitude of 1700-5588 meters.

Huanglong is famous for its colorful pools, snow mountains, canyons and forests. In addition, it is also known for its beaches, ancient temples and folk customs. The scenic area consists of huanglonggou, danyunxia, Munigou, Xuebaoding, xueshanliang, hongxingyan, Xigou, etc. The main landscape is concentrated in huanglonggou, which is about 3.6 km long, and there are carbonate tufa deposits in the ditch. It is well-known for its rich animal and plant resources, as well as "world wonder" and "human yaochi". It was listed in the world natural heritage list in 1992. In addition to the alpine landscape, various forest ecosystems can be found here, as well as limestone structures, waterfalls and hot springs. There are also many endangered animals in this area, including the giant panda and Sichuan Rhinopithecus.

Huanglong is famous at home and abroad for its large-scale, ingenious structure and colorful travertine landscape. It can be called a fairyland in the world for its rare karst landform. On October 9, 2016, the National Tourism Administration released the "red and black list" of holiday tourism, and Huanglong scenic spot was listed as the best scenic spot in comprehensive order.

It is a world natural heritage, world man and Biosphere Reserve, "Green Globe 21" certificate, national AAAAA tourist attraction and national key scenic spot.

Historical evolution

Name source

Huanglonggou, the main scenic area, is similar to the image of "dragon" in the eyes of Chinese people, so it has always been known as "yaochi in the world" and "symbol of China". The Tibetan people call it "Dongri serjun", which means Hailuo mountain (Xuebao mountain) and golden Haizi (Huanglong Valley) in the East.

Development and construction

In October 1982, Huanglong was approved as a national key scenic spot by the State Council of the people's Republic of China.

In December 1992, Huanglong was officially listed in the world heritage list as a natural heritage by UNESCO. In 1997, it was listed as the world's man and biosphere reserve by the United Nations. In February 2001, it obtained the "Green Globe 21" certificate, and Huanglong has become a world-class scenic spot with three laurels.

geographical environment

Location and territory

Huanglong scenic area is located in the southern part of Minshan mountains in Songpan County, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, northern Sichuan Province. It is a transitional zone from the eastern edge of Qinghai Tibet Plateau to Sichuan Basin. The scenic area covers 103 ° 25 ′ 59 ″ - 104 ° 8 ′ 45 ″ E and 32 ° 30 ′ 53 ″ - 32 ° 54 ′ 17 ″ n. Xuebao peak, the main peak of Minshan Mountain, is 5588 meters above sea level and covered with snow all the year round. The total area is 700 square kilometers, and the area of peripheral protection zone is 640 square kilometers.

Geology and geomorphology

The overall geomorphological feature of Huanglong area is that the mountains are majestic and the Gorges are steep. It is characterized by a forest of horned peaks, vertical and horizontal ridges, deep valleys and steep cliffs, and branched river source, straight in the South and curved in the north. The elevation range of Huanglong is 1700-5588 meters above sea level. Generally, the relative elevation difference between peak and valley is more than 1000 meters, and more than 3700-4000 meters is ice erosion landform, which is magnificent and magnificent. Huanglongduo karst gorge has changeable space, steep cliffs, rich waterscape and luxuriant vegetation. According to the valley bottom morphology, there are Danyun karst stream gorge, zhaga travertine forest gorge and erdaohai travertine diehu gorge. The source of Fujiang River in Huanglong is a main east-west dendritic water system. The upstream river bed is wide and flat, the downstream Canyon is deep and curved, the South tributaries are straight and straight, and the North tributaries are steep and curved, forming a unique river source style of wide up and deep down, straight South and curved north.

Huanglong is at the junction of units in space. Structurally, it is located at the junction of the Yangtze paraplatform, the Songpan Ganzi fold system and the Qinling geosynclinal fold system. Geomorphically, it is in front of the second geomorphic step ridge in China, and the junction zone between the eastern margin of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the western mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin. In the scenic area, there are also East-West Xueshan fault, Huya fault, north-south Minshan fault and zhagashan fault, which are intersected and staggered. Moreover, there are great differences in lithology, sequence, sedimentation and other paleogeographic conditions, stratigraphic structure and structural trace between Huanglong and Munigou scenic area.

Climatic characteristics

Huanglong scenic area belongs to the plateau temperate sub cold monsoon climate type. Climate characteristics are: humid and cold, long winter in a year, few days in summer, spring and autumn. The annual average temperature is 7 ℃, the sunshine is sufficient, the morning and evening fog is more, and the rainfall is mainly concentrated in May to August every year. The annual average temperature of Huanglong scenic spot is 5-7 ℃, the hottest is 17 ℃ in July, and the coldest is 3 ℃ in January. The best time to visit Huanglong is from April to November every year.

Scenic resources

Distribution

The ecosystem of Huanglong Nature Reserve is complex and diverse, and the habitat diversity is very high. Its natural conditions are superior, the mountains are tall, the valley is deep, and the altitude span is large. According to the habitat types of animals, the habitats in the area can be roughly divided into 8 species.

From bottom to top, there are evergreen broad-leaved forest, low mountain secondary shrub, coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest, coniferous forest, alpine shrub meadow, streams, houses and bare rock. In general, due to the high habitat diversity and abundant food, the mammal species are the most abundant in the evergreen broad-leaved forest. The second is the secondary shrub in the low mountains, followed by coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, coniferous forest and alpine shrub meadow. The species are the least in bare rock, house and stream habitats.

Calcification resources

Huanglong travertine is a natural travertine museum with a complete range of travertine landscape types, including travertine edge stone dam, color pool, travertine beach, travertine fan, travertine lake, travertine collapse lake, pit, travertine waterfall, travertine cave, travertine spring, travertine platform, travertine bonsai, etc. It has a huge scale: the travertine section of huanglonggou is 3600 meters long, the longest travertine beach is 1300 meters long and the widest is 170 meters; there are more than 3400 color pools; the edge stone dam is 7.2 meters high; the zhaga travertine waterfall is 93.2 meters high. These are the best in China and the world. Its distribution is concentrated: in the vast carbonate strata of the whole region, travertine wonders are only concentrated in four valleys, such as huanglonggou, zhagagou and erdaohai, with an altitude of 3000-3600m. Its process is complete: huanglonggou, erdaohai and zhagagou are in the modern formation period, decline period and metamorphosis period of travertine respectively, which provides a complete field for the study of travertine succession process. The combination of them is exquisite: in the 3600m section of huanglonggou, almost all travertine types are formed at the same time, and a golden "dragon" is skillfully formed, leaping in the snow mountain forest sea.

Glacier resources

At an altitude of more than 3000 meters, there are clear Quaternary glacial relics in Huanglong area, of which Xuebaoding area, the main peak of Minshan Mountain, is the most typical. It is characterized by comprehensive types, dense distribution and the most Eastern. This area has a wide range of mountains and numerous peaks. There are seven peaks above 5000 meters. Among them, there are three modern glaciers, Xuebaoding (5588 meters), xuelanshan (5440 meters) and mendongfeng (5058 meters), which make this area the most Eastern preservation area of modern glaciers in China. The main glacial erosion vestiges are Jiaofeng (above 4000 meters above sea level), Renji (above 3800 meters), glacial erosion dammed lake (above 3900 meters), etc.; the main moraine landforms are terminal moraine, middle moraine, lateral moraine, bottom moraine, etc.; they are distributed in various glacial valleys, among which the terminal moraines are mainly distributed at elevations of 3000-3100 meters, 3550-3650 meters, and 3750-3850 meters. Modern glaciers and ancient glacial remains and their relationship with travertine are of great scientific value.

Animal resources

There are 221 species of vertebrates in 54 families of 24 orders, including 56 species of mammals in 18 families of 6 orders, 156 species of birds in 29 families of 12 orders, 5 species of reptiles in 3 families of 2 orders, 5 species of amphibians in 4 families of 2 orders and 3 species of fish. The first level of national protected animals includes giant panda, Sichuan snub nosed monkey, takin, clouded leopard, leopard, green tailed pheasant and jade belt sea sculpture; the second level includes red panda, golden cat, rabbit, lynx, water deer, red deer, forest musk deer, gazelle, rock sheep, red bellied pheasant, Tibetan pheasant, Tibetan snow pheasant, blood pheasant and blue pheasant. The reserve can be used as a genetic resource of some wild animals.

The animal characteristics of the reserve are as follows: there are many rare species, up to 23 of which belong to the first and second level national protection; the mixed phenomenon of North and South animals is obvious, because the mountains and valleys in the reserve are in the North-South trend, and the warm and humid air flows deep along the valley in summer, which is conducive to the north and high distribution of the southern fauna; the endemic animals in China include giant panda, golden monkey, takin, etc., and the thorax only distributed in Hengduan Mountains Bufonis glandularis et al.

plant resources

According to incomplete statistics, there are 84 families and 1300 species of plants in the reserve. It is characterized by the mixture of North and South species. There are national protected plants Lianxiang, shuiqingshu, Sichuan Redwood, hemlock and Taxus, as well as plants endemic to China or the region, such as Saussurea involucrata, Picea maidiao, Magnolia officinalis, Sabina densiflora and Songpan

Chinese PinYin : Huang Long Feng Jing Ming Sheng Qu