Tuanshan ancient village

Tuanshan ancient village

Tuanshan ancient village is a famous historical and cultural village with traditional style and features, which integrates local ethnic culture with Central Plains culture, has many historical remains, and the overall pattern is complete and real; it is "the original ecological village with complete preservation of the style and features of the 19th century" and "the most exquisite ancient residential group in Yunnan"; it is also a quiet place in Jianshui, Yunnan without too many people disturbing. Selected into the 2006 World Memorial architectural heritage protection list.

brief introduction

Tuanshan ancient village is a natural village built on the mountain. It covers a total area of more than 10000 square meters. It is located 13 kilometers west of Jianshui County in Yunnan Province, adjacent to national highway 323 from Jianshui to Shiping in the north, connected with Shiping County, 41 kilometers away from Shiping County; Gebishi Railway (Gejiu, bisezhai, Shiping) passes through the village entrance; Lujiang River crosses the front of the village in east-west direction. There are more than 20 Qing Dynasty buildings and three gates in the village, among which the "Suo Cui Lou" is the most spectacular.

The exquisite architecture of Tuanshan has not declined because of its long history. It has been inhabited for generations. The wood of many old houses is still immortal after more than 100 years. Tuanshan is also known as the ancient city of Loulan in Yunnan.

architectural composition

General layout

The architectural layout of Tuanshan ancient village is similar to that of the folk houses in the south of the Yangtze River. It is a typical traditional design of Han style in the Central Plains. At the same time, it skillfully absorbs the architectural style of Yi People's tuzhang house. Each house takes the patio as the core, and the gate is mostly on one side of the main building. Through the corridors of different shapes, it reaches the main courtyard, which is composed of one entrance, two entrance, three entrance and vertical and horizontal combination The courtyard covers the main architectural patterns of traditional dwellings in Yunnan, such as "four in five patios", "three squares and one screen wall", "one entrance, two courtyards or four courtyards" and "happy horse corner building". In the natural combination form of "three squares and one screen wall" and "four in five patios", the hall is the main building connecting the two courtyards. It is located in the middle of the two patios. The front and back of the two patios are separated by screen doors, sealed but not closed. The patio becomes the extension of the hall space to the outside, and all the patios are paved with bluestone slabs, which is very clean. "Yijin" is a typical plane layout of "three squares and one screen wall". The front of the hall is facing the screen wall of "triple water", with square blue stone pots and flower stands under it, and six ears on both sides. It is a place for the host to receive relatives and friends. "Two into" for the inner courtyard, is their own living, warehouse, mostly two-tier.

Representative building

Tuanshan ancient residential buildings have one temple, three temples, eight halls, twelve "big five rooms", one temple is Mahayana temple. The three temples are shangmiao, xiamiao and Jiamiao (ancestral hall of Zhang family). The office is the office of the government. There are eight houses with this hall, which are huangen house, simadi house, Xiucai house, Baotong house, jiangjundi house, zhangjiahuayuan house and house number 29 and 82. "Five big rooms" means five big tile roofed houses. There are 12 dwellings of this scale, including huangen mansion, simadi mansion, Xiucai mansion, Baotong mansion, jiangjundi mansion, zhangjiahuayuan garden, Zhiwen garden, etc. Among the several big houses, zhangjiahuayuan and huangenfu are the most representative. Zhiwen garden, huangen mansion, simadi, etc.

It was built in the last years of Guangxu and completed in the first year of Xuantong (1909). It has two courtyards, two large patios, six small patios, six aisles and 37 houses. Because the House Builder lost his father when he was young, and his mother was a orphan, he was granted the title of an Ren by Emperor Guangxu. He was allowed to build a "Festival and filial piety square" and granted a plaque of "honoring the emperor's kindness" to hang on the gate, so he named the courtyard "the palace of emperor's kindness". Now the courtyard is divided by brothers into the front and back two, the backyard is now external reception accommodation. Master Zhang Liyong, a retired teacher, knows Tuanshan and Jianshui all the time. It can be called Tuanshan walking dictionary. Zhangjia garden is the largest one in scale, and its degree of beauty and simplicity is comparable to that of Zhujia garden in Jianshui. Built in 1905, Zhangjia garden is composed of Zhaimen, yijinyuan, erjinyuan, ancestral hall and blockhouse. It has 21 patios and 119 houses. The pillars of the main hall of Zhangjia garden. There are four stone lions around the bottom of the pier, which echo the round shape of the pier, so it is called lion rolling Hydrangea ball. After modeling, the stone is said to be polished with silver, which is very smooth. Since the middle and late Qing Dynasty, the lion image in ancient buildings has become more and more like Beijing puergou.

Zhang's ancestral hall is located in the middle of the village, next to the small square called "Sifang Street". It was built in front of the gate in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. A large banyan tree is a typical feature of many ancient villages. Its architecture is not special, but a place for people to discuss business and worship their ancestors. On the doorframe of the main hall of the ancestral hall, there is a couplet which can not be understood more clearly: "the ancestor of the surname Zhang was born in Xuyi village in Poyang, Jiangxi Province, and the ancestors were orthodox; the clan was prosperous and moved to Tuanshan village in Jianshui, Yunnan Province, and the later clan established the ancestral hall." the couplet reads "Bairen family tradition", which clearly expresses the ancient, modern and connotation of a Tuanshan village. There is such a inlaid gate post at the gate of every family. The pillars of the family are carved with unicorns and Phoenix. Style features

The architecture of Tuanshan ancient village is mainly in Ming and Qing Dynasty style. All the buildings have green tiles on the roof, whitewashed exterior walls and blue brick wainscots. The wood carving, stone carving, brick carving and painted calligraphy and painting of each building are exquisitely made. The screen doors, lattice fans, beams and columns, corridors and eaves are all exquisite works of art. In particular, the wood screen doors and lattice windows are rich and colorful. The wood carvings on the door, such as "carp Longmen", "Eight Immortals Gongshou" and "five joys in front of the door", are marvelous both in carving and painting. Add gilt decoration, more magnificent. Of course, the colorful cloud pattern under the tile still has distinctive local characteristics of Yunnan. Along the inner interface of the patio is an important part of the whole building decoration. The layout of wood and stone carvings, brick carvings and painted calligraphy and painting is handled carefully. The arrangement is reasonable, clear-cut and simple. In particular, the wood screen doors and lattice windows are rich and colorful. Figures, animal postures, plant patterns and geometric figures are carved in different ways according to different shapes. The combination of piercing and relief is natural. The technique is exquisite and the craft is ingenious, which is amazing. The modeling and carving forms of the column base are various, and the patterns are simple, complex, and even engraved with poems. With the gilded decoration, it shows the magnificent style and the owner's admiration for "elegance". In addition to wood carving, brick carving and stone carving, painting and calligraphy are also an important part of decorative architecture. Poems and couplets are all over the courtyard walls. On the ceiling of one building, there are more than 100 painting and calligraphy, which is enough to show the cultural flavor of the master's calligraphy.

The gate is the focus of Tuanshan residential decoration. Xumizuo gate is mostly carved with blue bricks, and some are carved with blue stones. Carved beams and painted buildings at the gate have different patterns, such as "double phoenix and peony", "double lion playing ball", "lintuyushu", "calligraphy auspicious", "carp leaping from the dragon's gate" and so on. The eaves of the gate tower are raised, and the white powder eight character walls and magnificent screen walls on both sides show the status and wealth of the owner of the house. Hundred flowers window, this window has more than one hundred flowers, each flower is different. More importantly, these flowers are imagined by artists, not real flowers.

The courtyard doors of Tuanshan ancient village are very special. A screen is built parallel to the gate, and then a shadow wall is built at a 45 degree angle between the two wings of the parallel screen. From a positive point of view, the style is stable and atmospheric, with the beauty of opening and closing.

Each family's courtyard is compact and comfortable. In addition to birds and animals with the meaning of exorcism and auspiciousness, elephants also appear as load-bearing and decorative patterns. Money is painted on the column. Pomegranate fruit indicates many children and grandchildren, descendants of peace and good wishes.

historical background

Tuanshan's name is translated from the local Yi language, which means "the place where gold is hidden and silver is buried". Tuanshan village, with its back against the green hill and facing the Pingba, is named Tuanshan because it is built on a round hill. Tuanshan ancient village is an important part of Jianshui national historical and cultural city and national key scenic spot,

Tuanshan village is a typical village inhabited by the same family name. More than 80% of the villages are surnamed Zhang. A small number of people with different surnames are mostly the helpers who were invited by Zhangjia in those years. They also live and work in peace and contentment here.

According to the exact records of Zhang's genealogy compiled in the early years of the Republic of China, Zhang Fu, the ancestor of Tuanshan's Zhang family, went from business and trade in Poyang County, Raozhou Prefecture, Jiangxi Province, to newly developed Yunnan in 1376, which was the period when a large number of immigrants were encouraged or forced by the Ming Dynasty to enter Yunnan on a large scale. Zhang Fu's family moved to seli three times. They first lived in lantoupo outside Xiguan, and then moved to zhangbaoshi village. Because of their love for Tuanshan's beautiful mountains and mellow customs, "the situation is towering, the mountains are surrounded by arches, and they live all over the country. They have built a hundred generations of houses, and their descendants have multiplied. They have become a huge family" for more than 600 years.

One of Zhang Fu's two sons, Zhang Hai, went to the seaside of ER in Dali. Now there are still descendants there. Another son, Zhang Shan, stayed in Tuanshan, Jianshui. Together with his four sons, he took root and set up a family. Since then, the Zhang family has gradually developed in Tuanshan village. Later it developed into a village.

Since the early Qing Dynasty, Tuanshan people have lived a very hard life outside the river and in the horse racing gang. In 1889, the Qing government set up the Mengzi customs, and tin became one of the most attractive export commodities for foreigners. Tuanshan people saw a new hope for survival, and groups of Zhang's descendants walked along the famous "Lin'an Avenue" to the village

Chinese PinYin : Tuan Shan Gu Cun