Tusi town of Tangya

Tusi city site of Tangya

synonym

Tang Ya Tusi city generally refers to the site of Tang Ya Tusi city

Tangya Tusi town is located in Tangya Town, Xianfeng County, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province. It is backed by Xuanwu mountain and faces Tangya river. The site is located in Shizhou in ancient times. The main ethnic group is Tujia people who have settled here since ancient times. Since the end of the yuan Dynasty, it has been under the hereditary rule of Qin Tusi, with a territory of 600 square kilometers.

The Tusi town of Tangya was built in 1355, the 15th year of Zhizheng reign of the Yuan Dynasty. It flourished in 1735, the 13th year of Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty,

There were 18 chieftains in 16 dynasties, accounting for 381 years. The site covers a total area of 740000 square meters. The main remains are the natural landscape relics such as Zhangwang temple, archway of Jingnan Xiongzhen, yamen office, big temple hall, Tusi tomb, quarry, barracks, bridge on bridge, courtyard and road.

Tangya Tusi city is one of the most representative Tusi city sites in Southwest China with clear pattern, complete functions and complete preservation, which is of great value to the study of Chinese Tusi system and the history and culture of Tujia nationality.

In 2006, it was announced as the Sixth Batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council. In July 2015, at the 39th session of UNESCO World Heritage Committee held in Bonn, Germany, it was successfully included in the world heritage list.

Evolution of construction

Construction process

In the late Yuan Dynasty (14th century), Tangya Tusi town was established. In the fourth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1371), the second generation chieftain Qin Shushi was built with a tomb. During the Hongwu Period of Ming Dynasty (1368-1398), the chieftain of Tangya was pacified with the rebellion of Huguang chieftain, and his governing place was destroyed.

During the reign of Hongzhi (1488-1506), Qin Yanshi built a yamen office.

Ming Wanli 39 years (1611), stone horse carved. In 1624, the archway of "Jingnan Xiongzhen" was built. In 1621-1627, the temple of King Zhang was built. During the reign of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (1628-1644), the main structure of Tangya city was three streets and eighteen alleys, the building complex of Da Yamen and the main temple hall. In 1630, the tomb and memorial archway of Mrs. Tian was erected.

In 1735, the Tusi town was abandoned.

In the eighth year of Qianlong (1743), CEN Yingkui, the magistrate of Shi Nan's office, took charge of the restoration of the decadent Zhangwang temple; in the twelfth year of Jiaqing (1807), Gong Hongji, the general manager of Tang yaxun, took charge of the restoration of Zhangwang temple; in the fourth year of Guangxu (1878), the officials and people of Tang yaxun rebuilt Zhangwang temple again.

Overview of environmental protection and management

The Tusi site of Tangya has experienced long-term protection and management by governments at all levels

In 1978, it was investigated and registered as an immovable cultural relic by the cultural relics department of Xianfeng County.

In 1983, Zhang Wang Temple was built to cover the horse Pavilion.

In 1986, during the second national cultural relics survey, the cultural relics department of Xianfeng County investigated and mastered a large amount of cultural relics background information, collected a number of cultural relics, such as the "seal of Tangya Chief Secretary", which was announced as a county-level cultural relics protection unit by the people's Government of Xianfeng County.

In 1988, it was announced as a state-level cultural relic protection unit by the people's Government of Tujia Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Western Hubei.

In 1990, the courtyard walls of Tusi city were maintained and reinforced, and new walls and iron gates were built around the tombs of Tuwang and Tian's wife.

In 1992, it was announced as a provincial cultural relic protection unit by the people's Government of Hubei Province; in the same year, it repaired the stone archway, the tomb of Tuwang and the tomb of Tian's wife.

In 1993, the signboard of cultural relics protection unit was set up.

In 2000, the people's Government of Hubei Province announced the protection scope and construction control zone of Tangya Tusi city.

In 2001, the drainage ditches of Tuwang tomb, memorial archway and Zhangwang temple were repaired, and the collapsed and damaged parts of courtyard walls and streets were repaired. In the same year, Xianfeng County cultural relics management office again conducted a key investigation here, and collected some cultural relics scattered among the people.

In 2003, Xianfeng County Government formulated local management measures such as "tangyasi cultural relics protection and management code" and "tourism instructions" to restrict the behavior of residents and tourists and strengthen the legal publicity of cultural relics protection.

In 2006, it was announced as a national key cultural relics protection unit by the State Council.

In 2011, Hubei Provincial Institute of cultural relics and Archaeology conducted a local archaeological excavation, further exploring the distribution scope, overall layout and local architectural structure of the city site.

In November 2012, the site of Tangya chieftain was listed in the preparatory list of China's world cultural heritage.

In 2013, the measures for the protection and management of Tangya Tusi city site and the plan for the protection and management of Tangya Tusi city site were promulgated and implemented.

On March 13, 2013, the people's Government of Hubei Province formally wrote to the State Administration of cultural relics to apply for the inclusion of Tangya Tusi site in the national heritage application project in 2015

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On July 5, 2015, Tangya Tusi site was successfully listed in the world cultural heritage list.

Layout distribution

overview

Tusi town is located at the foot of Xuanwu mountain on the West Bank of Tangya river. It has a complete structure, including yamen office, Guanyan hall, big and small yamen, prison, Yuetai academy, shooting range, Wanshou garden, etc. Tangya Tusi was once the political, economic and cultural center of Jianshan, Huolong, Erxianyan and Qingping. There are three main sites in Tusi City: stone archway, stone man and stone horse, and Tusi King's tomb.

wall

Most of the eastern, northern and southern parts of Tusi city in Tangya were built with city walls (also known as outer city walls), and inner city walls were also built in the northern and northeastern parts of Tusi city. The walls are made of natural stones and are now mostly visible, and are preserved more than 1 meter. Among them, the riverside is the best preserved, up to 2.5 meters high, and the existing wall base is 3.2 meters wide.

At the east gate of the city, the foundation wall of the original tower is much larger than the width of the city wall, and the residual width is about 6 meters to 7 meters. It can be seen that it is the foundation of the gate tower, and the residual length of the east wall is 150 meters.

streets and lanes

The streets and lanes in the city site are still clearly visible. It is composed of thirty-six courtyards in three streets, eighteen lanes and is divided into upper, middle and lower streets, with a total length of 880 meters. Stone archway as the center, known as the middle street, the street is all paved with bluestone, stones 2 meters long, 0.3 meters wide, horizontal inlay along the street, the street is wide and neat. Down the main yamen is called Shangjie; up the small yamen is called xiajie. 36 roadways are still paved with stones, connecting the streets with the terrain, extending in all directions. Among them, between Shangjie and the south city wall, there are "the first crossing", "the second crossing" and "the third crossing".

Cultural relics

Yashu district (including stone archway)

The Yashu site is located in the center of the city, surrounded by courtyard walls. It is a large courtyard, 218 meters long from east to west and 155 meters wide from north to south, with a total area of 33790 square meters. The site is located in the five terraces from east to west, and the terrain gradually rises. Along the east-west axis, the archway of "Jingnan Xiongzhen", the Da yamen site, the guanyantang site and its affiliated buildings, and the inner houses all face east. Except for the memorial archway, the rest are underground sites.

The archway of "Jingnan Xiongzhen" was built in 1624. It was built by the imperial court to commend Qin Ding, the 12th generation chieftain. It is the most iconic architectural remains in the tusicheng site of Tangya, and it is the beginning of the architectural complex in the Yamen district. There are stone steps in front, which are connected with the middle street vertically. The archway is a sand stone imitation wood structure, 7.15 meters high, 8.04 meters wide, with three bays. There are 2.5 meters high drum stones and stone lions in front of and behind the four stone pillars (now one remains). On both sides of the banner, there are eight large characters engraved in Yin, namely "Jingnan Xiongzhen" and "chushupinghan". There are inscriptions before and after, recording the reason and time of the archway's construction. In the middle, the fangs are carved with themes such as "the king of earth going on a tour" and "Nezha making trouble in the sea". On the two sides, the fangs are carved with patterns such as "fishermen and woodcutters ploughing and reading, Huaiyin sending their children" and unicorn, dragon and Phoenix. Most of these themes are from the Han Dynasty, but there are some local adaptations, and some directly reflect the Tusi's life, such as "Tuwang's tour", which is the product of the combination of Han and Tui art.

The Da yamen site is located in the west of the archway, higher than the platform of the archway. The building site faces east from the west, with a platform in front. It is about 33.5 meters long from north to South and 4.4 meters wide from east to west. It is a building site with five rooms in width and three rooms in depth.

The guanyantang site is located on the terrace to the west of the dayamen site, which is higher than the dayamen site. It is five wide and three deep.

The Neizhai site is located on the highest terrace.

Tusi tomb

Tomb of Tuwang

The sealed earth is well preserved, and the stone chamber of the tomb is grand and gorgeous. The outer chamber is made of sandstone. The front view is a double eaves building with a bucket and three elevators, which is 7 meters long. The roof is decorated with tubular tiles, ridge carving dragon head decoration, the bucket arch under the eaves is obvious, and five pillars form four tombs. The pillars are rectangular, 0.45 wide and 0.6m thick. The width between columns is 1 to 1.1 M. The space between corridors is 1.85 meters and the height is 2 meters. The top of the gallery is decorated with round caisson. Further into the four chambers, there are eight stone gates in front. The door is 1.65 meters high, 0.1 meters thick and about 0.67 meters wide, with carved grid bars on it. The chamber is composed of a whole block of sand and stone, 3 meters long, 1.5 meters high, 1.3 meters wide in two middle chambers and 1.25 meters wide in side chambers

Chinese PinYin : Tang Ya Tu Si Cheng