Tailing

Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty

synonym

The mausoleum of the Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty generally refers to the mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty

The tomb of Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty is the joint Tomb of Emperor Yongzheng and his Empress. It is located at the foot of Yongning mountain, 15 kilometers away from Yi County, with an altitude of 382 meters. It was built in 1730 (the eighth year of Yongzheng), covering an area of 8.47 hectares. It contains Emperor Yongzheng, empress xiaojingxian and imperial concubine dunsu. The tailing Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty is the earliest, largest and most complete mausoleum in the Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty.

Overall structure

The whole Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty is divided into two parts: the front part is the gate, the square, the stele and the pavilion, and the back part is the palace and the underground palace. The five hole stone arch bridge is the front building of the tailing mausoleum. It is 10.94 meters wide, 87 meters long and 4.9 meters high. It is made of rectangular bluish white stone. In the north of wukongqiao, there are three stone archways, one in the middle across Shinto, the other two later, on the left and right. Dahongmen is the main gate of Xiling. There are three holes in the gate, one for East and one for West.

Architectural structure

Entering dahongmen, facing the magnificent ancient buildings, people can't help asking: after the Qing Dynasty settled its capital in Beijing, it opened the Eastern Qing mausoleum in Malanyu, Zunhua county. Why didn't Yongzheng follow his grandfather Shunzhi, and his father Kangxi was buried in the Eastern Qing mausoleum, but chose another mausoleum site to open a new western Qing mausoleum in Yixian County? Yongzheng, the fourth son of Kangxi, was named Yinzhen. Born on October 30, the 17th year of Kangxi, his mother, Wuya, is empress xiaogongren. In the 37th year of Kangxi, dorobel was granted the title at the age of 20. In March of the 48th year of Kangxi, Jin was granted the title of Prince Heshuo Yong at the age of 31. Emperor Kangxi died in changchunyuan on November 13, the 61st year of Kangxi. On November 20, Yin Zhen became emperor at the age of 45. In the second year, it was renamed Yongzheng. It collapsed in Yuanmingyuan on August 23, the 13th year of Yongzheng. At the age of 58, it was buried in tailing on the second day of March in the second year of Qianlong (1737).

Throughout his life, Yongzheng was one of the diligent emperors in Chinese history. In June of Qianlong's second year, a 26.05-meter-high memorial archway with yellow glazed tiles was built in the north of dahongmen. In the center of the building, there is a huge stone platform, carved with Shoushan Fuhai and fish, turtle, shrimp and crab. On the stone foundation, there is a pair of giant stone sculptures Bixi, each bearing a stone tablet. There are four relief dragons on the steles. On the forehead of the stele is the inscription of "holy virtue and divine power stele of the Great Qing Dynasty's Tailing mausoleum", and on the body of the stele are two kinds of inscriptions, Manchu and Han, praising Yongzheng's merits and virtues. In the square outside the stele tower, there is a carved stone watch in each corner, up to 12 meters high Rice, Huabiao, also known as "huanbiao", is a wooden post used in ancient times to express the king's admonition or direction. The big column in front of the mausoleum is also known as "Tomb watch". On the top of each of the four tomb watches, there is a stone carving monster, named wangtianhou. It is said that it means "looking forward to your coming out, looking forward to your coming back", and persuading the sacrificial monarch to return to the court in time to govern government affairs. The whole body of the tomb surface is covered with relief dragons winding upward, together with ruyi clouds and cloud plates, which is quite spectacular.

After the Shengde Shengong stele tower, it is the largest bridge in the Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty - seven hole stone arch bridge and stone statue. The five pairs of stone statues are lion, elephant, horse and general. These stone animals and figures are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the Shinto, symbolizing the presence of the emperor's guard of honor in front of the mausoleum. Shi Xiangsheng, also surnamed Ruan, is the favorite General of the first emperor of Qin Dynasty. He is two-thirds tall and has both wisdom and courage. He has made many achievements and defeated the Huns. After Ruan wengzhong's death, the first emperor of Qin mourned deeply and ordered craftsmen to cast a bronze statue of wengzhong, which stood outside the Sima gate of Xianyang palace like a brave guard. Later, the stone statue in front of the tomb was called Weng Zhong. These stone statues have their own moral: the literati, ministers and generals are the emperor's love ministers. They put their stone statues in the emperor's mausoleum to show that the emperor and his ministers will never separate and will never be separated. The steed is an indispensable mount in the war, hunting and life of emperors. It is said that Huang Taiji, the great ancestor of Yongzheng, fought in the army all his life. After he succeeded to the throne, he still kept his horses and his men on their saddles. His cavalry traveled all over the Baishan and Heishui mountains, unifying the northeast, and was known as the "horse emperor.". In the battle of Liaoyang, he was besieged by Li Chengliang, the commander in chief of the Ming Dynasty. Fortunately, his horses were good at galloping. All the emperors of the Qing Dynasty loved horses very much, so they put the statue of horses in front of the mausoleum to symbolize that although the emperor died, his ambition still existed, and he was ready to build a strong horse in Xinjiang. The elephant is docile, which means that the emperor is obedient to the people. There is also a vase carved on the back of the stone elephant, which is called "Taiping has an elephant" or "the world is peaceful". The lion is fierce and roars to the sky, symbolizing the royal power and power. In ancient times, stone lions were not only found in imperial tombs, but also in front of government offices and wealthy and powerful families to show their authority.

Through the stone statue, through the dragon and Phoenix gate, through the two three hole stone bridges, you enter the palace area. First of all, there is a Shinto stele Pavilion, in which there is a tablet with the name of the emperor's temple, posthumous title and emblem. Further to the north is the longen gate. Inside the gate, the magnificent longen hall is in the middle, and the East and west side halls are on both sides, forming a spacious courtyard with longen gate, giving people a solemn feeling. Xipeidian is the place where lamas chant scriptures. Longen hall is the largest one in the mausoleum area, with three warm pavilions, the middle of which is the Ming Dynasty, with a shrine and an immortal tower, hanging curtains, offering sacrifices to the emperor and the empress. In the West warm Pavilion, there is a treasure bed, on which there is a sandalwood throne and a memorial tablet for concubines. When the emperor paid homage to the mausoleum, the emperor, the king and the Duke were all dressed in plain clothes. When the Emperor gave a big feast, the emperor wore court clothes, and the accompanying princes and officials also wore formal clothes to participate in the sacrifice.

There are also two pillar gate, shiwugong, Fangcheng, minglou, Baocheng, Baoding, underground palace and other buildings in the rear dormitory of the tailing mausoleum. Shiwugong is the place where the Royal Women's family members worship. The altar is composed of two parts: the upper part is a stone censer, the middle part is a bottle, and on both sides are stone vases and paraffin cuttings. There are three kinds of five kinds of offerings, all of which are carved with bluish white stone, so it is called shiwugong. The sacrificial seat is a xumizuo carved from two huge stones. There are many exquisite carving patterns around xumizuo, such as the legendary "Eight Immortals" pattern.

In the north of shiwugong altar, there are Fangcheng and minglou, which are the highest buildings in the whole mausoleum area. The magnificent Fangcheng holds up the exquisite minglou and inlays it in the clear blue sky, forming a beautiful picture. There is a stone tablet in minglou. The base of the tablet is xumizuo, and the Youlong relief is painted with five colors. The body of the tablet is painted with cinnabar, and the face of the tablet is engraved with the words "emperor shizongxian's Mausoleum" in Manchu, Han and Mongolian. There are tall walls on both sides of the square city. It is called Baocheng around the tomb. The huge mound in the middle of Baocheng is the tomb of Emperor Yongzheng, which is called Baoding. The area of the Baoding of the tailing mausoleum is more than 3600 square meters, the largest of all the Baoding of the Xiling mausoleum. Under the top of the pagoda is a huge underground palace. In addition to Emperor Yongzheng, empress Xiaoxian and imperial concubine dunsu were also buried in the underground palace

The construction of the mausoleum lasted eight years. The Tai mausoleum is the largest mausoleum in the West Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty, and it is also the core part of the West mausoleum. There are three tall and exquisite stone archways and a Shinto with a width of more than ten meters and a length of five kilometers in front of and behind, which pass through the north and south of the mausoleum. The stone statues on both sides of Shinto have three pairs of Stone Beasts, a pair of Wen Chen and a pair of Wu Chen. The stone statues of tailing adopt the technique of freehand brushwork, depicting the images of people and animals with thick and thick lines, and then depicting the details and patterns with lines as fine as embroidery. It embodies the unique carving techniques of stone carving art in Qing Dynasty.

The main building of the tailing mausoleum starts from the flame archway at the southernmost end, passing a five hole stone arch bridge, and then begins the longest sacred road of the Xiling mausoleum -- the 2.5 km long sacred road of the tailing mausoleum. The stone archway, dahongmen, Hufu hall, dabeilou, qikongqiao, Wangzhu, shixiangsheng, longfengmen, Sanlu and Sankong bridge, posthumous stele Pavilion, shenchuku, dongxichaofang, dongxifang are arranged along the sacred Road North to Baoding Banfang, longen gate, silk burning furnace, dongxipeidian, longen hall, sanzumen, erzhumen, shiwugong, fangchengminglou, dumb courtyard, Baoding, etc.

The reason for the division of Mausoleum

According to the precedent, Yongzheng's Mausoleum should be built within the boundary of Qingdong mausoleum in Zunhua County, accompanied by his father Kangxi. Therefore, he once regarded Jiufeng Chaoyang mountain of Dongling as his lucky place for ten thousand years, but Yongzheng did not build a mausoleum there, but set up another mausoleum area in Yizhou. There are many different opinions about this matter. One is that Yongzheng changed his tune and usurped the throne and was buried beside the jingling Mausoleum of Kangxi. The other is that Shizong (Temple name) was very happy and killed. He was proud of himself and set up a mausoleum to highlight himself. This statement is not consistent with historical facts. But why did he move the mausoleum? According to the history of engineering, in order to abolish the site of Jiufeng Chaoyang mausoleum, he once said: "this place is close to Xiaoling Mausoleum and jingling mausoleum, which is consistent with my original intention, and people who are proficient in Canyu think that although the scale is large, but the shape is not complete, the scholars in the cave have sand and stone, which is really not available." Therefore, he Shuoyi Prince Yun Yang and Liangjiang governor Gao Qimao chose another mausoleum site and went to Taipingyu in Yizhou. They thought that it was "a place where heaven and earth gather, where Yin and Yang meet, where there is no beauty in the sand and stone of the Dragon Cave, where the water law of the mountains is well-organized, and where the situation is reasonable and auspicious, which is the land of good fortune."

After reading the memorials, Yongzheng said: "but in Xiaoling and jingling, there are hundreds of miles to go, and there is no final agreement with the ceremony of the ancient imperial system. Jiuqing, a great scholar, has learned about the meeting in detail and played a part in it." After consulting the historical materials, the academician and Jiuqing listed the fact that the emperors of Yu, Han, Tang and other dynasties were far away from their ancestors and set up another mausoleum area. They said: "today, Taiping Valley in Taining mountain is an auspicious place for thousands of years. Although it is hundreds of miles away from Xiaoling and jingling, the boundaries of Yizhou and Zunhua are close to the capital, living together in Jifu and juxtaposing Shenzhou, the place is not far away." According to this, Yongzheng decided to build Taipingyu in Yizhou

Chinese PinYin : Tai Ling