East Lake

East Lake

East Lake, also known as the foot binding lake, is a lake on the right bank of the Yangtze River. Located in the east of Wuhan City, Hubei Province. The total area of the lake is 31.75 square kilometers when the normal high water level is 19.78 meters, and the lake volume is 81.5 million cubic meters. If the water level is 21.0 meters, it is 32.8 square kilometers, and the corresponding maximum Lake capacity is 124.1 million cubic meters, which is the largest urban lake in China.

East Lake is an important water source and aquaculture base in Wuhan city. It is also a well-known ecotourism scenic spot and one of the first batch of national key scenic spots.

The East Lake has been a tourist attraction since ancient times. Many celebrities Qu Yuan and Li Bai have left footprints in the East Lake. East Lake is the largest tourist center of Chu culture, with strong Chu style, exquisite Chu rhyme, famous xingyin Pavilion, Lisao stele as "three wonders", magnificent Chu Tiantai, gathering celebrities of Chu talent garden, Chu City, Qu Yuan statue and Qu Yuan memorial hall, and rich connotation. It is also the place where Comrade Mao Zedong lived for the longest time after liberation, except for central and southern China.

East Lake is also an important cultural center in Wuhan City, surrounded by 26 colleges and universities such as Wuhan University, Huazhong University of science and technology and China University of Geosciences, 56 national, provincial and ministerial scientific research institutes such as Wuhan Botanical Garden of Chinese Academy of Sciences, national optoelectronic industry base of East Lake New Technology Development Zone China Optical Valley, Hubei Provincial Museum and Hubei Provincial Art Museum, with profound cultural heritage.

Lake genesis

It is generally believed that the formation of the East Lake is the result of the unequal deposition of sediment on both sides of the Yangtze River during the flood season. The other is that the origin of Donghu Lake can be traced back to the crustal changes in the late Cenozoic. Since the Quaternary, the crust around Donghu Lake has been rising continuously, accumulating over time, gradually forming a modern geographical appearance.

Location context

East Lake, also known as the foot lake

Located in the eastern suburb of Wuhan City, the western waters go deep into Wuchang District, bordering Wudong railway in the East, nanwangshan and Yujiashan in the south, Luojiashan and guoguohu in the west, and Qingshan District in the north. The plane outline is an equilateral triangle, the top is north, the bottom is southeast, and the East, South and North are surrounded by Hongshan District and Qingshan District. The whole lake is divided into Guozheng lake, Guoguo Lake (it is classified as a part of East Lake), tangling lake, Xiaotangling lake, Xiaotan lake, Tuan lake, shauji lake, Houhu lake, miaohu lake and Yujia lake.

The East Lake has developed into a colorful lake with complex plane shape, crisscross headlands and bays. According to the 1:250000 topographic map, there are more than 120 large and small bays in the lake. The total length of the lakeshore is 115.5km, the widest part is 28km, and the deepest part is 6m. The meandering coefficient K of the lakeshore is 5.03, which is more than twice that of Honghu Lake. It is known as ninety-nine Bay. It forms many lakes and lakes, and forms the characteristics of crisscross bays and meandering lakeshore, which provides good natural conditions for the construction of scenic spots.

The total area of the lake is 31.75 square kilometers when the normal high water level is 19.78 meters, and the lake volume is 81.5 million cubic meters. If the water level is 21.0 meters (allowable maximum control water level), it is 32.8 square kilometers, and the corresponding maximum Lake capacity is 124.1 million cubic meters.

Geology and geomorphology

From the perspective of regional geological structure, Donghu area is located in the trough fold belt with a slightly north-west trend. Anticlines and synclines alternate in the area. There are a series of northwest to Southeast faults in the south of the lake area, such as the fault between Luoka mountain and laiwang mountain, the fault between Yujia mountain and Ma'anshan, etc. Geomorphologically, the southern part of the lake area is a tectonic denuded remnant mound with an altitude of 70-120 meters, of which Yujiashan, known as the commanding height of Wuji suburb, is 151.89 meters above sea level. The most prominent one is Hongshan in the west, Luoka mountain, Niutou mountain, kite mountain, Tuanshan and Dayu mountain in the west, ending at Chuidi mountain, and Moshan in the north, which plunges into the lake like a cliff. These mountains and the lake complement each other, greatly enhancing the attraction of the East Lake as a scenic spot. In the East and west of the lake, there is a hilly plain with an altitude of 30-40 meters. The surface is composed of brownish yellow or yellowish brown clay and sandy clay. The lower part of the plain is immersed by the lake water, forming large and small lakes. The northwest part of the lake is alluvial plain, on which there are long uplifts, forming the watershed between the East Lake and the Yangtze River.

Donghu Lake is a shallow lake, but it is relatively deep in Jianghan Lake Group. The lake bottom elevation is 15.12m. The highest measured water level over the years is 20.06m (based on the Yellow Sea base level), and the corresponding maximum water depth is nearly 6m. The average depth of the lake is 2.46M in the middle of July and 2.11M in October; the lake basin is shallow in the north and deep in the south, with little difference between the East and the West. The corresponding maximum Lake capacity is 120 million cubic meters. East Lake is a freshwater lake with vast waters, which is a good place to raise all kinds of freshwater fish.

hydrographic features

East Lake was originally a natural open water lake, which communicated with the Yangtze River through Qingshan port. The water level of the lake rose in summer and dried up in winter, which was basically restricted by the fluctuation of the river. After the completion of Wufeng sluice in Qingshan port, the East Lake became an artificially controlled inland water body, and the water level changed gently. In addition to the precipitation, the change of water regime is mainly determined by the urban industrial and domestic water, agricultural water and the discharge of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage along the lake. As a manually controlled lake, the maximum control water level of East Lake is not more than 1.5m, which ensures the stability of lake water level. According to years of observation, the annual range of water level in the East Lake is generally 0.6-0.8m, which is more than 1m in some years, and the maximum range over the years is 2.5m, which is far less than that of Liangzi Lake and other large lakes. The monthly variation of water level is generally 20-30 cm. The daily variation of water level is special. Before the mid-1980s, as an important water supply source, the daily water supply of the East Lake was greater than the normal inflow, so the water level of the East Lake decreased steadily and continuously except for heavy rain in the basin or water diversion from the Yangtze River; however, since the mid-1980s, due to the decrease of the daily water supply of the East Lake and the increase of the human inflow along the lake, the daily water level of the East Lake changed gradually Change to stable and slightly rising.

East Lake is a suburban Lake. In addition to rainfall runoff, urban drainage accounts for a considerable proportion. According to the measured data in 1979, the average daily discharge of the ten main sewage outlets along the lake is 171340 cubic meters, and the total annual discharge is 62.54 million cubic meters, accounting for 52% of the total annual inflow of 119.894 million cubic meters; the rest is 50.04 million cubic meters of rainfall runoff; After deducting the evaporation loss, the net rainfall of the lake surface precipitation is 7.35 million cubic meters. Meanwhile, as the water supply source, the daily water supply capacity of 8 water plants along the lake reaches 350000 cubic meters. In addition, the pumping capacity of 13 agricultural pumping stations along the lake exceeds the water inflow along the lake, so it needs to be made up by water from the Yangtze River. However, since the mid-1980s, with the decrease of the actual water supply of the waterworks and the increase of the pollutant discharge along the lake, the inflow is gradually greater than the pumping capacity. The calculation of the annual water balance shows that the East Lake needs to drain to the Yangtze River.

The annual average temperature of East Lake is 17.7 ℃, which is 1 ℃ higher than that of 16.7 ℃ in the lake area. The highest monthly average temperature is 29.7 ℃, the lowest level average temperature is 4.8 ℃, the annual range is 24.9 ℃, and the annual average temperature difference is no more than 2 ℃. In the plane direction and vertical direction, the water temperature difference is generally 1 ~ 2 ℃, which is similar to other lakes.

Main tributaries

East Lake is connected with Shahu, Yangchun and Daijia lakes through Shahu port and Qingshan port. It forms a small lake system with a total drainage area of about 190 square kilometers, of which the catchment area of East Lake is about 119 square kilometers.

Qingshan port, located in the west of Qingshan City, Wuhan City, starts from wufengzha in the north and ends at Donghu port in the south, with a total length of 3.9 km and extends to Donghu in the south. Previously, after the Wufeng sluice, which was originally connected between Qingshan port and the Yangtze River, was blocked, the river silt was congested, the water quality became worse, mosquitoes and flies were breeding around, and the smell was bad, becoming the "cecum section". Some open spaces on both sides of wufengzha and qingshangang were built with shed houses to reclaim vegetable land, and some local sewage outlets were directly connected to the river. It has been listed in the national list of polluted water remediation. In 2017, Qingshan port was listed as the first batch of pilot projects for the construction of "sponge city" in the city. Qingshan port connected the East Lake water system, creating conditions for improving the water quality of Dadong lake water network. By 2018, a total of 11900 cubic meters of silt will be removed, and three sewage outlets will be eliminated. All the projects will be completed in 2017, eliminating the water pollution phenomenon. The "cecum section" has become a wetland park and a good place for the surrounding residents to relax.

Historically, water from the Yangtze River flowed from the west side of qingshanjitou, Qingshan Town, along the foot of the mountain to the southeast of Nanmu mountain, connecting Donghu Lake and Shahu Lake, reaching the east gate of Wuchang City. Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Huguang in the late Qing Dynasty, personally ordered the construction of a gate at the entrance of Jiajiang River in Qingshan, which was named Wufeng gate, implying that the grain was abundant. "Wufengzha" is written by Li Yuanhong.

In order to meet the water demand of WISCO's industrial production, after the founding of the people's Republic of China, Qingshan deepened and widened this natural port, and named it Qingshan port. It starts from the Yangtze River embankment of Qingshan town in the north, passes through nanmu mountain of Qingshan park on Heping Avenue, passes through metallurgical Avenue, enters Dongsha lake, and then enters the plant area of WISCO. After 2002

Chinese PinYin : Dong Hu