Xiangquanhe

Xiangquanhe

Xiangquan River: it is written in Tibetan as གླང་ཆེན་གཙ་པོ, and translated into Chinese as ང་་པོ. In the East is Shiquan river.

Xiangquan river basin is the most important birthplace of ancient civilization in Western Tibet. The famous Xiangxiong Kingdom (known as "Yangtong" and "nuguo" in Chinese literature and History) and Guge Kingdom have created splendid culture with this basin as the center. Because of its close proximity to South Asia and Central Asia, the basin has become a crossroads of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, and has always been highly valued by academic circles at home and abroad. In the rich and splendid Tibetan cultural heritage, the ancient Xiangxiong civilization has a far-reaching influence on the formation and development of Tibetan culture due to its long history and wide spread area

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Brief introduction to rivers

Xiangquan River: Tibetan Langqin Zangbu refers to Xianghe River (and nearby Senge Zangbu means Shikou River), which is the most important river in Ali area of Tibet Autonomous Region. It originates from the modern glacier near Lanta in the western Himalaya, with an altitude of 5300 meters.

It flows westward from the source to MenShi crosscutting aierariju, passes through Zada and shipuqi, passes through Himalayas, and then flows into the Indus River. It has a total length of 309 kilometers and a drainage area of 227.76 square kilometers. The upstream section from the source to qusong is 74 km long with a drop of 1023 m and an average gradient of 17%; the middle section from qusong to zaburang is 130 km long with a drop of 1377 m and an average gradient of 5.5 ‰. Among them, the upper part of zaburang is a canyon, and the lower part is a wide valley. The flow is slow, the river course is bifurcated, there are many rivers, there are many tributaries, and the terraces are developed. The downstream section from zaburang to shipuqi is 105 km long, with an average slope of 7.2 ‰. The canyon is the main part. The riverbed width of the canyon section is only 20-50 m, and the rest is about 100-200 M.

The old Xiangquan river is the mother river of Zada county. She gave birth to Zada's life with her sweet milk.

Xiangquan river originates at the foot of Gangrenboqi holy mountain and is composed of 18 rivers, with a total length of 450 km. With the spirit of the holy mountain and the thick historical picture, she is running day and night. The waves head westward, across the earth forest, across the Himalayas and into the Indian Ocean.

The Xiangquan river basin is mainly a subalpine desert steppe dominated by Stipa deserticola, which mainly breeds Tibetan sheep and yaks. Crops mature once a year, mainly planting highland barley, peas, spring wheat and so on. Shipuqi is a major agricultural and pastoral area in Ali Region, where the crops can be planted twice a year

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In the East is Shiquan river.

Name Translation

The Tibetan language of this river is གླང་ཆེནགཙང་པོ, which is transliterated as "Langqin Zangbu" in Chinese and translated as Xiangquan River in free translation. Both transliteration and free translation have their own advantages and disadvantages.

The four rivers in Ali have transliterated and Italian names: Shiquan River, Xiangquan River, Maquan River and Kongque River. On March 7, 1979, the Ali Region returned to the leadership of Tibet. Before that, some names were translated freely (and Yakou was called Daban), which (in the spread of Chinese) gave the animals in the desolate Ali plateau the impression of people all over the country (the original meaning of this river in Tibetan) and became habitual names.

Basin introduction

The river originates from lanjiacuo Lake in Tibet Plateau of China, and is called Xiangquan River in China. The Xiangquan River in Ali is named after the valley at its source, which looks like an elephant trunk. It is called "Langqin Zangbu" in Tibetan.

To the west, it flows out of the country through Zada county and enters Himachal Pradesh in India. The section in India is called sutriji river.

It is the main tributary of the upper reaches of the Indus River, with a total length of 1450 km and a drainage area of 400000 square kilometers.

The river is 1450 km long with a drainage area of 395000 square kilometers. Water resources are abundant. Upstream of the Himalayan pass, a large dam is built in bakra to generate electricity. In the middle reaches of Haryk, a barrage was built, and the diversion canal irrigated the Punjab plain and Rajasthan plain.

River Basin civilization

Great progress has been made in the archaeological investigation of the Xiangquan River Valley in Ali, Tibet, and the mysterious veil of the ancient Xiangxiong civilization is expected to be uncovered as soon as possible.

Supported by the special fund for Frontier Archaeology of the State Administration of cultural relics, the "Xiangquan River Basin archaeological investigation team", jointly formed by the Institute of Tibetan studies of Sichuan University, the Department of Archaeology of Sichuan University and the Bureau of cultural relics of Tibet Autonomous Region, went to the Xiangquan River Basin from June to August to investigate the cultural relics and ancient sites along the coast of China, and made great progress on the basis of previous work.

Xiangquan river basin is the most important birthplace of ancient civilization in Western Tibet. The famous Xiangxiong Kingdom (known as "Yangtong" and "nuguo" in Chinese literature and History) and Guge Kingdom have created splendid culture with this basin as the center. Because of its close proximity to South Asia and Central Asia, the basin has become a crossroads of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, and has always been highly valued by academic circles at home and abroad.

In the rich and splendid Tibetan cultural heritage, the glorious and prosperous ancient Xiangxiong civilization has been developed with the spread of "Yong Zhong Ben Jiao" as the main line. Due to the long history and wide spread area of Ben Jiao civilization, it has a far-reaching and important impact on the formation and development of Tibetan culture. However, for various reasons, many people in the world do not know the "ancient Xiangxiong civilization" at all, even many Tibetans themselves. They only think that Indian culture has a great influence on the formation of Tibetan culture, "all cultures from India" have great value, and mistakenly believe that Tibet's local religion and things other than Indian civilization have little contribution and value to the formation of Tibetan culture.

Even many Tibetans themselves mistakenly believe that before Indian Buddhism was introduced into Tibet, Tibet did not have its own language and writing, and its culture was very ignorant and backward. This absurd statement has been publicized by some orthodox fanatics for centuries. It is precisely because of the long-term continuation of this situation that the real history and local culture of Tibet have been lost. At the same time, it also limits scholars' interest in the study of ancient Xiangxiong civilization and local religion. However, this situation has changed.

According to the explorations of archaeologists, the origin of Tibetan compatriots in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau has a very long and ancient history, with a history of 13000 to 17000 years.

Then everyone will think about the question: "where is the origin of the ancient Tibetan culture?"

The answer is: it's in the ancient religion of Tibet!

Many customs and lifestyles of our modern Tibetan compatriots are also handed down from the age of ancient Xiangxiong. For example, Tibetan people's weddings and funerals, astronomy and calendar, medical literature, singing and dancing, painting, traveling and choosing houses, choosing auspicious days, driving away disasters and evil spirits, divination and divination, etc. still follow the tradition of our religion to some extent. Tibetan compatriots also have many unique ways of praying for blessings, such as zhuanshenshan, baishenhu, zafengma banner, hanging colorful Sutra flags, carving stone scriptures, placing manidui (the traditional practice of our religion is the stone pile engraved with the eight character mantra of Guangming: "wumazhimuyesarind"), divination, offering DOMA plate, butter flower and even using zhuanjing tube, etc.

Ancient Xiangxiong civilization

Luan Jianzhang, deputy director of the Research Office of the Ministry of foreign relations of the CPC Central Committee, once wrote an article on the historical significance of the Xiangxiong civilization and our religion

"It is no exaggeration to say that in order to understand Tibetan civilization, we must first understand Xiangxiong civilization; in order to study Tibetan Buddhism, we must also study our own religion. Otherwise, the deeper the inquiry, the farther away it may be from the truth. "

In the 7th century, Songzanganbu merged and unified various tribes in Tibet, established a powerful Tubo Dynasty, and began to write the official history of Tibet. In recent years, archaeological discoveries have proved that:

Ancient Xiangxiong civilization is the real root of Tibetan civilization.

According to Chinese and Tibetan classics, the ancient Xiangxiong Kingdom (actually the tribal alliance) was historically known as qiangtong and Yangtong, and reached its peak before the 7th century. According to the article a brief history of Tibetan population, the population of Xiangxiong should not be less than 10 million according to the proportion of the army. Later, Tubo gradually rose in the Tibetan Plateau, and in the 8th century, it completely conquered the ancient country of Xiangxiong. After that, Xiangxiong culture gradually disappeared.

The literature of ancient religion in Tibet is called "Xiangxiong code" by experts. According to the records of the lineage of Tubo kings, from niechizanpu to longjietuozan, all the twenty-six dynasties used this religion to protect the state affairs At that time, the ancient Xiangxiong characters were mainly used for the writing of the Scriptures. According to the records of "Tibet Wang Tong Ji", "Duo Dui" and other ancient books and records, Xiangxiong people xinraomiwo Buddha made many changes to the original religion in the past, and created Yongzhong Buddhism, which is known as the oldest ancient Xiangxiong Buddhism in Tibet. Fortunately, Rao Miwo, the Tathagata Buddha, first created the Xiangxiong script and taught the "five Ming disciplines": gongqiaoming (Technology), Shenglun (Linguistics), medicine, waiming (Astronomy) and Neiming (Buddhism). The ancient Xiangxiong civilization developed with the spread of "Yongzhong based religion" as the main line.

Ancient Xiangxiong culture

Many people may not know about the mysterious ancient country of Xiangxiong,

Chinese PinYin : Xiang Quan He