Jingzhou Ancient City Wall

Jingzhou City Wall

synonym

Jingzhou Ancient City wall generally refers to Jingzhou city wall

Jingzhou City Wall is located in Jingzhou District, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province. Jingzhou was a place for all the military strategists in the past dynasties. After the Qin Dynasty destroyed Chu, it was an important place for all the kings to set up their houses. Jingzhou City was built in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was originally an earth city. The brick city was built in the Southern Song Dynasty. It was demolished in the early Yuan Dynasty, built again in the early Ming Dynasty, and destroyed in the late Ming Dynasty. At present, the city wall was rebuilt in 1646. It is nearly 9 meters high, 10 meters thick, 11.03 kilometers in circumference, east-west long, north-south short. The walls, gates, battlements and battlements are well preserved. It is a national key cultural relic protection unit.

The first substantive regulation of Jingzhou City, the regulations on the protection of Jingzhou Ancient City, has six chapters and 39 articles. Effective as of May 1, 2017.

Development history

"Wuchang cloud calendar in the East, Wuxia road in the West.". In the southwest of Jianghan Plain, on the North Bank of Jingjiang River, there is Jingzhou City Wall with iron wall and copper pass.

Jingzhou is one of the nine prefectures (Ji, Yan, Qing, Xu, Yang, Jing, Yu, Liang, Yong) in ancient times when Dayu controlled the flood. It was named after Jingshan in that time. During the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, Jingzhou was the capital of the state of Chu, where Ying was located. In 278 B.C., the Qin Dynasty set Baiqi County in Jingzhou and built Jiangling County.

In 206 BC, Xiang Yu built the Linjiang state, the capital of Jingzhou. In the early Han Dynasty, Nanjun was restored. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty (106bc), the whole country was divided into thirteen prefectures, with the Department of Cishi, one of which was Jingzhou. The Ministry of history of the assassins was the central supervisory organ. It often played in October and returned to prison in December.

In the second year of Yuanshou (1 B.C.) of the Han Dynasty, the governor was changed into a state herdsman, and the local power then evolved into a three-level system of state, county, and county. The governor changed his supervisory authority and became a local official. Jingzhou is located on the North Bank of Jingjiang River. It is a dangerous place to go to Bashu. It is also a place for military strategists since ancient times.

The vicissitudes of the times

Jingzhou Ancient City, also known as Jiangling City, is one of the famous historical and cultural cities in China. For thousands of years, the Jingzhou city wall has experienced the vicissitudes of the times. It has been destroyed several times and rebuilt several times. The strength of Jingchu remains forever. It still stands on the Bank of Jingjiang River with its majestic posture.

Jingzhou City Wall is located in Jingzhou District, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province. The existing Ming and Qing reconstruction wall is 3.75 km long from east to west, 1.2 km wide from north to south, covering an area of 4.5 square kilometers, 10.28 km long and 9 meters high. The city wall has eight gates and two gatehouses. The ancient city of Jingzhou is divided into three layers, water city on the outside, brick city in the middle and Earth City on the inside. Shuicheng (moat) is 10500 meters long, 30 meters wide and 4 meters deep. It connects Taihu Lake in the West and Changhu Lake in the East, and is connected with the ancient canal. When the city was built in Ming Dynasty, in order to prevent the foundation from sinking and flooding, glutinous rice slurry was poured into the stone crevice at the foot of the right city, so the city wall was particularly strong. Jingzhou City Wall is equipped with urn City, enemy tower, war house, battery, cangbing cave and Fucheng gate. It has a complete defense system and has always been easy to defend but difficult to attack. It is said that "Jingzhou will be beaten with iron".

Folklore

There are many wonderful stories in the ancient city of Jingzhou. It is said that Guan Yunchang, the general of Shu in the Three Kingdoms, was guarding Jingzhou. Suddenly, nine fairies came down to the earth. They told us that Jingzhou's swords and soldiers were frequent and the people were in dire straits. They wanted to take them back and put them in God's land, and no mortals were allowed to fight for them.

Guan Gong was loyal to his brother Liu Bei and refused to let Jingzhou, so he came up with a clever plan, saying: "you are in the northwest, I am in the southeast, each building a city. The city is thousands of steps on Friday, and it starts at dark, and the crowing of chickens stops. Whoever builds it first will manage this place." The nine fairies used their clothes to cover the earth, and Guan Gong cut reeds to build the city. Guangong city is just a corner away from the nine fairies City, and the chickens are not crowing yet.

Guan Gong vibrates the chicken cage and the reed mat, the rooster crows, and the nine fairies go to heaven in shame. This is the origin of jiunvzhuo outside the north gate of Jingzhou City. It is also said that Zhang Fei also came to help his second brother build the city. But when he came late, he dumped the soil outside the east gate. Nowadays, people call these two mounds "Zhang Fei's one soil". These are all myths and legends. However, in order to guard against the east Wu, Guan Gong built a new city next to the old city in the Han Dynasty, which has historical records to study.

Development stage

According to the records of Geography in the later Han Dynasty, the construction of Jingzhou city wall began more than 2600 years ago in the period of King li of Zhou Dynasty. According to the scientific verification of the latest archaeological excavation of the ancient city wall, Jingzhou Ancient City Wall is the only ancient city wall in China, which has the longest history, the most dynasties, and evolved from the Earth City. According to archaeological findings and literature records, the construction of Jingzhou city wall can be roughly divided into the following development stages.

From the Three Kingdoms to the Western Jin Dynasty. "Jingzhou Fu Zhi Cheng Chi" records: "today's city, Chu ship official land, Zhu palace in spring and autumn. Since Qin Dynasty pulled out Ying and set up Nanjun. Because of the Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms belonged to the old city of Shuhan at the beginning, which was built by Guan, attacked caoren in the north and attacked by Lu Meng. " According to shuijingzhu, "the county is called Jiangling. The old city was built by Guan Yu. " "Yudi Guangji" also states: "the Forbidden City is in the southeast of the county, and there is a Zhugong palace.

This county is built by Jin Huanwen. " The old city should be the city built by Guan Yu, in the southeast of the old city, the old city should be the old city of Qin and Han Dynasties, located in the northwest of the city.

Archaeological anatomy

From September 1997 to March 1998, the archaeologists of Jingzhou City and Jingzhou District excavated a 19.2-meter-long, 5-meter-wide and 9.5-meter-deep trench in the east end of the southern wall of Jingzhou City (west side of Wangjianglou) to cooperate with the maintenance project.

Through stratigraphic anatomy, it is found that the brick wall exposed outside the city wall was built in the early Ming Dynasty. The earth wall in the trench is 11.3 meters from south to north, which is the city wall of Song Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. The remnant height of tuyuan in Song Dynasty is 3.75 meters, while that in Ming Dynasty is 4.5 meters. Between the earthen walls of the Song Dynasty and the brick walls of the early Ming Dynasty, there are ruins of broken brick walls of the Song Dynasty with a width of 0.6-0.8 meters and a height of 7.3 meters. In the middle of tangou, the northern part of Tucheng wall in Song Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty is the city wall of Five Dynasties, the top of which is basically level with that in early Ming Dynasty. During the Five Dynasties, there were brick and earthen city walls. The lower part of the brick wall was made of well preserved and thin green bricks. These green bricks were of different specifications, including rope shaped rectangular brick, wedge-shaped brick, obviously tomb brick, with a remnant height of 1.1 meters. The upper part of the brick wall was rammed with brick and soil, which was very broken with brick, with a remnant height of 4.9 meters. The upper part of the earthen machinery wall on which the brick wall of the Five Dynasties relies is the period of the Five Dynasties, with a remnant height of about 6 meters, and the lower part is the Tang Dynasty, with a remnant height of about 1.9 meters. Under the Tucheng wall of the Tang Dynasty, the Tucheng wall of the Three Kingdoms period was found. During the Three Kingdoms period, the earthen city wall was buried 8.25 meters deep on the surface of the present earthen city wall of Jingzhou, close to 3.05 meters below the ground of the city. The construction soil is gray black clay and yellowish brown sandy soil, and the excavated thickness of cultural layer is 0.8-1.25m. The construction method of the city wall has the characteristics of the Three Kingdoms period: ramming layer by layer, thick ramming layer, round ramming nest, 7-8 cm in diameter and 0.5 cm in depth. At the same time, a number of typical artifacts from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms period were unearthed. Guan Yu has been guarding Jingzhou for ten years. He said, "the first to rule the city is to govern the princes and the Prefects." (Annals of Jiangling County). In order to resist Cao Cao in the north and resist Sun Wu in the East, building and renovating Jingzhou City Wall is the first task of armament.

Sui and Tang Dynasties

From the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties. According to the annals of Jiangling County, "in the first year of Yonghe of Jin Dynasty (345 AD), Huan Wen supervised Jingzhou and zhenxiakou. In the eighth year, he returned to Jiangling and began to drive the city of Daying.". Archaeological data confirm that under the walls of the Five Dynasties, there are rammed earth walls from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which are 1.6-1.7 meters high and 6.5 meters wide. Huanwen's construction actually includes the old city and the city built by Guanyu, but it does not simply connect the old city before Guanyu with the city built by Guanyu. The two cities are scattered in the East and West. When Huanwen's construction is carried out, it is bound to be repaired, that is, the so-called "additional repair" on the plane in the historical records, and the "additional repair" on the facade is to increase and thicken the city wall. The area of the city built by Huanwen is slightly larger than that of the former two cities, and even larger than that of Jingzhou. After the two cities joined, the city walls were not demolished, so a partition wall was formed in the city. In the second year of Yuanxing (403 AD), Huan xuanmou, the son of Huan Wen, took over Jingzhou and usurped the throne as emperor. The next year, he was killed in meihuizhou, west of the city. In the third year of Qi Yongyuan (A.D. 501), Xiao Baorong was located in Jingzhou City. He was the emperor of peace. In the first year of Liang Chengsheng (552 A.D.), Xiao Yi became the emperor and capital of Jingzhou. When Hou Jing was in chaos, he came back seventy miles outside the city. The trees were used as barriers, and the digging was threefold. The famous garden "xiangdongyuan" and the library "Dongge bamboo hall" are built in the city. In 555 ad, the Western Wei Dynasty designated Jingzhou as the East and West cities, which were divided by using the existing partition walls. Sui Daye 14 years (AD 618), Liang Xiao mill paste called emperor Liang, all Jiangling. In the first year of the Shang Yuan Dynasty (716 AD), Emperor suzong of the Tang Dynasty named Jingzhou City "Nandu" and added Yongping army to strengthen military equipment. To the Tang Dynasty, Jingzhou City Wall was removed.

From the Five Dynasties to the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. "Jingzhou Fu Zhi" records: "in 912 B.C., Gao Jixing, the king of Nanping, built a big city and rebuilt Xiongchu tower. Wangsha tower was used as a shelter. There were hundreds of thousands of people holding the dustpan, and all the guests and friends of the school helped each other. "Jingzhou Fu Zhi" says: "Fifty Li tombs outside Guo are mostly excavated with bricks to build the city. At the end of the work, on a miserable night, I often hear ghosts crying and see phosphorous fire.

Chinese PinYin : Jing Zhou Gu Cheng Qiang