Wenyuan Pavilion

Wenyuan Pavilion

Wenyuan Pavilion, the name of ancient Chinese architecture, is located behind the Wenhua hall in the Donghua gate of the Palace Museum in Beijing. It is the largest royal library in the Forbidden City.

It is the cream of ancient Han palace architecture in China. It sits on the north side of the South and the pavilion is modeled on the fan Tian Ge Pavilion in Ningbo, Zhejiang. In 1773, Emperor Qianlong issued an edict to collect books, set up the library of Siku Quanshu, and compiled Siku Quanshu. In the 39th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong, an edict was issued to build a library. In 1776, the Imperial Palace Library behind the Wenhua hall was built. Emperor Qianlong gave it the name of Wenyuan Pavilion, which was used to store the first copy of Sikuquanshu.

brief introduction

Since the Wenyuan pavilion was built in 1776, the emperor held a banquet here every year. When Sikuquanshu was completed in 1782, Emperor Qianlong held a banquet in Wenyuan pavilion to reward officials and participants at all levels who compiled Sikuquanshu.

After the compilation of Sikuquanshu, it took six years to transcribe four original works. Except one of them was collected in wenyuange, the other three parts were collected in wenyuange, Wenjin Ge and wensuge, which are also called "beisige". Later, three copies were collected in wenzongge, Wenhui Ge and Wenlan Ge, which were called "nansange". Some of the seven books have been lost or collected by various libraries. Wenyuange is now in the Palace Museum in Taipei.

Sikuquanshu, together with qinding ancient and modern books collection, is put in the Tibetan yuange, which is a set of four parts of classics and history. There are 22 Confucian classics in the Ministry of Confucian classics, one floor for the general catalogue of Sikuquanshu and the imperial collection of ancient and modern books, and an emperor's throne is set in the middle as the place for preaching. Three rooms in the second floor are connected with the first floor, with floor slabs around, bookshelves and 33 books in the history department. The second floor is the dark layer, the light is very weak, can only collect books, unfavorable reading. On the third floor, except for the staircase in the west, the other five rooms are connected. Each room is spacious and bright with bookshelves arranged according to the front and rear columns. There were 22 Zibu books and 28 Jibu books. There was a royal couch in the Ming Dynasty for the emperor to visit at any time. Emperor Qianlong was proud of such a luxurious collection of books. He once wrote a poem: "bingshen High Pavilion ranks gange, and now he likes to have books in yejialuo." 」。 According to the rules of the Qing Dynasty, if the ministers and officials are fond of ancient books and diligent in learning, they can read books in the pavilion with permission, but they are not allowed to damage the books, let alone bring them out of the pavilion.

Practical information

Ticket information

Peak season (April 1 to October 31): 60.00 yuan (Palace Museum package); off season (November 1 to March 31): 40.00 yuan (Palace Museum package).

Opening Hours

1. Peak season (April 1 ~ October 31): 08:30 ~ 17:00; stop ticket selling time: 16:00; stop admission time: 16:10

2. Off season (November 1 ~ March 31): 08:30 ~ 16:30; stop ticket selling time: 15:30; stop admission time: 15:40

Tips: except for the legal holidays and summer holidays (July 1 to August 31), the library will be closed on Monday afternoon throughout the year. Every Monday, the opening time is 08:30 ~ 12:00, the stop time is 11:00, the stop time is 11:10, and the closing time is 12:00.

Safety tips

Due to the limited space in the pavilion, considering the protection of cultural relics and the safety of the audience, visitors can not enter the room, but can visit outside the hall.

Traffic information

Public transport:

1. 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 52, 22, 120, 728, 802 get off Tiananmen West or Tiananmen east

Metro (Tiananmen east station, Tiananmen west station)

9. 17, 22, 44, 48, 59, 66, 110, 126, 301, 646, 673, 692, 729, 803, 808, 901, te4, te7, brt1 get off at Qianmen, 101, 103, 109, 685, 814, 846 get off at the Forbidden City, 60 get off at Donghuamen

history

the Ming dynasty

The name of Wenyuan Pavilion began in Ming Dynasty, and its pavilion was also built in Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty, "founded the palace in Nanjing, that is to say, he built Wenyuan Pavilion in the east of Fengtian gate to store ancient and modern books.". This is the beginning of building Wenyuan Pavilion. The emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty moved his capital to Beijing, and built Beijing Palace in imitation of Nanjing's existing regulations. As Emperor Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty said, "Emperor Taizong built Beijing, and opened a pavilion in the south of Dongwu. It was a house with a number of couplets. It was clear and bright, clear and profound, and still called Wenyuan." It can be seen that the Ming dynasty built Wenyuan Pavilion in Nanjing Palace Museum and Beijing Palace at the same time.

The function of wenyuange in the early period was mainly to collect and compile books. The famous Encyclopedia of Yongle was compiled in zhongwenyuan Pavilion of Nanjing Palace. In the first year of Yongle (1403), Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty ordered the book to be revised. Because the first draft was "too much to prepare", he ordered it to be revised in 1405. "He ordered the Chinese and foreign officials in the Ministry of rites and the scholars in the four places to compile it, and the scholars in other counties and counties to write it. He opened the library in Wenyuan Pavilion and ordered Guanglu temple to provide meals for morning and evening.". At that time, "Changshu Zhang Hong, Dantu Pei Jun and Jishui Chen Cheng all went to Wenyuan pavilion to repair Dadian, and Huai'an Huang Tong entered Wenyuan pavilion to write Dadian in regular script." In the sixth year of Yongle (1408), Dadian was directly stored in Wenyuan pavilion after it was completed. After the completion of the palace in Beijing, Chengzu ordered the collection of Wenyuan Pavilion in Nanjing to be transported to Beijing for collection. According to the records, "in the 16th year, Chen Xun was sent to Nanjing to collect all the ancient and modern books stored in this pavilion. From one to more than 100 books, one of them was sent to the north, and the other was sent to collect them.". These rare and secret books, except Yongle Dadian, were stored in Wenlou, and other books were officially put into the Tibetan yuange in 1441. At that time, Yang Shiqi, a great scholar who was in charge of cataloging, collected all the books in the bookcase and compiled the wenyuange bibliography according to them.

While carrying the functions of collecting and compiling books and serving as a "place for the emperor to speak and read", Wenyuan pavilion was also a place for cabinet officials to work directly. With the development of politics in Ming Dynasty, it gradually evolved into a de facto forbidden area of secret Pavilion. In the early Ming Dynasty, in order to strengthen the imperial power, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered to abolish Zhongshu province and abolish the prime minister. In order to deal with the complicated state affairs without hindering the autocratic centralization of power, he imitated the Song Dynasty to set up a palace and a bachelor. He appointed one scholar from huagaidian, wuyingdian, wenhuadian, wenyuange and Dongge respectively, and chose them from the Imperial Academy and six officials. Zhu Di succeeded to the throne, with "initially determined internal difficulties, the four sides of the matter side Yin", especially "ordered Shi to explain Jin, edit Huang Huai into zhiwenyuan Pavilion. He was asked to read Hu Guang, edit Yang Rong, edit Yang Shiqi, review Jin Youzi and Hu Yantong's entry into Zhi, and prepare the maintenance plan. When Emperor Chengzu returned to the palace, when he met several people who had to be deliberated, he would personally use the names of Yu Hanmo, Shu Rong, etc. to recognize Yu Bao, or seal it with Yu AB, so as to make plans. Rong and other articles were sealed with the seal of Wenyuan Pavilion. Wenyuange was known as the cabinet because of this, and Yang Rong and others were promoted to the position of bachelor. After the Imperial Academy was built in 1442, wenyuange, as a special office for the officials, became a real forbidden area for the secret court. In the reign of emperor Shizong Jiajing, the system of Wenyuan pavilion was further improved. According to the records, "in the 16th year of Jiajing, the craftsmen were appointed to set up a Confucius sage and four matching statues in one of Wenyuan Pavilion, and the other four rooms were separated by each other, and the account was opened in the south to serve as a place for the cabinet officials. The Imperial Palace in the east of the pavilion was decorated as a small building to store books. In the west of the pavilion, the Imperial Palace was built, and in the south of the pavilion, three volume sheds were built to deal with the official book office. He was in charge of the cabinet, preparing the locomotive, receiving the emperor's orders, following the Zuxian, following the Chen's instructions, offering advice to moyou, giving a brief title, and proposing comments and answers, so as to be ready for consultation and peaceful administration. " The imperial edict was also held high in the cabinet, and strict regulations were applied: "confidential and important places, officials and others are not allowed to enter without permission, and violators will be punished." It can be seen that wenyuange has become a de facto cabinet, and its status and role are extraordinary.

In addition to collecting and compiling books, Wenyuan pavilion was also "the place where the emperor talked and read". The emperor read books here from time to time, and called the scholars in the Imperial Academy to talk about classics and history. According to the records, Taizu "in his spare time, often in the pavilion, ordered all the Confucians to enter the classics and history, bow to read, forget tired all day.". Cheng Zu "or to the pavilion, read all the scholars and scholars should be the system of poetry, questioning comments for joy.". Xuanzong also used his spare time to "listen to the government, come here for several times, talk about compromise, Xuanzhao Dayou, Jixi Wenxue", and wrote Wenyuan Pavilion inscription to describe its grand occasion.

In 1449, a fire broke out in the Palace Museum of Ming Dynasty in Nanjing, and Wenyuan Pavilion and other books were burned. The Wenyuan Pavilion in Beijing Imperial Palace was destroyed in the war at the end of Ming Dynasty.

the Qing dynasty

After the Qing Dynasty established the national political power, it followed the Ming system in the political system, and gradually accepted the feudal culture with Confucianism as the main body in the cultural and ideological aspects. In the 15th year of Shunzhi (1658), the Qing government changed the three internal academies into the cabinet, and set up the Imperial Academy separately. It was called the Zhonghe palace and Baohe palace University

Chinese PinYin : Wen Yuan Ge