Hakka Earth Building

Hakka Earth Building

Hakka earth building is a large-scale group house that Hakka people inherit from generation to generation, live together and multiply, and bear the load with rammed earth wall,

It is one of the three major categories of Hakka dwellings (Hakka enclosed houses, Hakka row houses and Hakka Earth Buildings), mainly including Fujian Hakka Earth Buildings and Guangdong Hakka Earth Buildings,

They are mainly distributed in Yongding, Nanjing, Hua'an and Ping in southwest Fujian and Dapu, Jiaoling and Raoping in East Guangdong

And so on. Fujian Tulou originated in the song and Yuan Dynasties and matured in the late Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.

Tulou is the product of Hakka ancestors' Inheriting and carrying forward Chinese traditional culture, and the crystallization of wisdom of Hakka ancestors from generation to generation. Comrade Hu Jintao praised that "Hakka Tulou is a treasure of Chinese culture" and a model of harmonious coexistence of large family and small society ",

Tulou is originated from Hakka and rooted in Yongding.

The large-scale Hakka Tulou is the "Big Mac" in the type of residential buildings in mountainous areas. It can be called the "aircraft carrier" in ancient residential buildings and is known as the "oriental ancient castle".

Among Hakka Earth Buildings, Chengqi building in Fujian Province is the most popular

Zhencheng building

Fuyu building

Fuxinlou

Kuijuilou

Huanji building

Far reaching building

Calyx building in Dapu, Guangdong

Shizhai Tulou in Jiaoling

Daoyun building in Raoping

And so on.

In July 2008, Fujian Tulou, with Yongding Hakka Tulou as the main body, was successfully listed in the world heritage list.

In May 2006, the Hakka Earth Building Construction Techniques declared by Longyan City were listed in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list, project number viii-28.

On May 23, 2011, the Hakka Earth Building Construction Techniques declared by Nanjing County and Hua'an County were included in the third batch of national intangible cultural heritage list of traditional techniques, project number viii-28.

Historical evolution

Hakka Tulou, also known as Hakka Tuwei building, Hakka dwellings, round house. It is mainly distributed in Yongding of Longyan, Nanjing of Zhangzhou, Dapu of Meizhou, Jiaoling and Rao of Guangdong Province.

Tulou, as the name suggests, is a building made of rammed earth.

Hakka earth building is a large group house where Hakka people live together and use rammed earth wall to bear load. Tulou is originated from Hakka and rooted in Yongding.

According to textual research, rammed earth houses were built in the Shang Dynasty. The imperial city and palace walls of Chang'an in Tang Dynasty were rammed earth walls, and the Li Fang in the city was also separated by earth walls. Fujian Tulou is a special product of the Hakkas who have gone through all the vicissitudes of life after they moved from the Yellow River basin to Yongding, carrying forward the ancient earth architecture art and pushing it to the extreme.

The emergence of Tulou can be traced back to the 1960s and 1970s (late Tang and early Song Dynasty) when Hakka clan was formed in Fujian Guangdong Jiangxi border region. Mature in the late Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.

The song and Yuan Dynasties (11th century to 13th century) was the formation stage of Hakka Tulou. The earliest record of "Tulou" was the records of rebuilding qiantai.

In the Ming Dynasty (late 14th century to early 17th century), with the development of economy and culture, the residents paid more and more attention to education, set up academic libraries and academies, and encouraged people to enter schools. Through the imperial examination to become an official constantly emerged. They built earth buildings according to the Architectural Regulations of Tongdu Dayi in the Central Plains. The architectural forms are becoming more and more exquisite and the functions are becoming more and more diversified.

During the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China (from the middle of the 17th century to the first half of the 20th century), processing industries such as tobacco and tea flourished in Southern Fujian and sold to the whole country and Southeast Asian countries. With the development of economy and the improvement of the understanding of the ecological environment, the residents' demand for housing is more urgent and higher. On the other hand, due to the population growth, in order to safeguard the common interests of the family, it is bound to build more large-scale buildings, so that dozens or hundreds of people from many clans can live together. In order to adapt to the prosperity of the family and the safety of living. So they built a temple style earth Wai Building and square, round and other colorful earth buildings. It is characterized by large scale and various types. In the late period, the influence of foreign culture was reflected in the construction of some earth buildings.

After the 1950s, Fujian residents still built a large number of earth buildings, which has continued. In this period, Tulou architecture paid more attention to practicality, simple structure, lack of gorgeous decoration. It is the continuation stage of Fujian Tulou.

Architectural features

Tulou is a large-scale group residential building where Hakkas live together and bear the load with rammed earth walls,

They are round, semicircle, square, quadrangular, pentagonal, cross chair, dustpan, etc. Among the Hakka Tulou, the round building, the square building, the palace style Tulou, the five Phoenix style Tulou, and the mansion style Tulou have their own characteristics. Among them, the round one is the most attractive, and the local people call it the round building or the round village.

structure

There are three types of Hakka Tulou: wufenglou, fanglou and yuanzhai.

In addition to wufenglou, which is the direct inheritance of the Han people's mansion style architecture in the Central Plains, Yuanfang Tulou has obvious local characteristics, but its ancestral hall is built in the center of the whole building, which still maintains the core of the concept of filial piety, respect and inferiority in the ritual tradition of the Han people in the Central Plains.

Wufenglou: a mansion style residence, is one of the important symbols for Hakkas to inherit the architectural culture of Central Plains. The Wufeng building of Hakka in Fujian Province is generally the top of Jiuji Xieshan mountain. The two ends of the roof fly up, just like "Wufeng Qiaoyi", so it is named.

Wufeng building is composed of "three halls and two falls", showing a clear-cut architectural pattern of low in front and high in back.

On the whole, Wufeng building with three Hall houses as the center has a clear sense of primary and secondary inferiority. It is certain that it is a continuation of the ancient courtyard layout in the central Yellow River Basin, the birthplace of Hakka culture. In its group composition, only the upper hall house (main hall) at the end of the axis uses a thick rammed earth bearing wall.

Wufenglou has independent houses and ancestral temples surrounded by Fangwei and Yuanwei buildings. But the same architectural form has different names. Fujian Hakkas call it wufenglou, while Guangdong Hakkas call it Weilongwu and tanghengwu (without Weilong at the back). Its main feature is the number of different, occupy the central axis of the main house and separated on both sides of the cross house composition, front low after high facade. The highest upper hall has ancestral hall. It is worth noting that the roofs of Weilongwu and tanghengwu of Hakka in Guangdong Province are generally flat ridges with suspended roofs. The houses and ancestral temples of the Guangfu and Fulao families in Guangdong also have the custom of flying over the two ends of the ridge. Only Hakkas like to use the flat ridge.

Fanglou: fanglou is a gallery style earthen building with ancestral temple as the center and rammed earth walls around it.

The layout of fanglou is similar to that of wufenglou, but its strong and thick wall extends from the upper hall to the whole periphery. It is obvious that its defensive function is greatly strengthened.

Fanglou and yuanlou are like twin brothers. Apart from their different shapes, they have almost the same distribution scope, architectural style and structural function. However, the number of fanglou is more than yuanlou, and they have a longer history. It is said that there are fanglou before yuanlou. It can be seen that the square building is the direct inheritance of the square dwellings in the Central Plains, while the round building is related to the local round fortress, fortress and coastal wind resistance requirements in Fujian, and the natural and cultural background is complex.

Square building has single square building and compound square building. The single square building is relatively small and simple, with a four slope tile roof of equal height and standing tall. Compound square building is relatively large and complex, generally in front of the three to five storey square main building, surrounded by low walls or ancillary buildings (housing or school). The large square building has a staggered roof, a high front bottom and a high back bottom. The Hakka square building in the west of Fujian is commonly known as "sijiaolou", but it has no Diaolou in its four corners, which is different from the Hakka enclosure with Diaolou in the south of Jiangxi, the north of Guangdong and the east of Guangdong.

Yuanlou: also known as yuanzhai,

Among the circular buildings, the three halls have been hidden, and the priority of superiority and inferiority has been seriously weakened; the fortress is a fortress, and its defense function has risen to the first place, which seems to be an extremely effective paramilitary project.

There are two kinds of round buildings: single ring and multi ring. The former is small in scale, only two or three storeys high; the latter is large in scale, up to four or five storeys, with the height decreasing from the outer ring to the inner ring. All of them are round earth buildings with wooden structure and veranda, which are rammed with soil and centered on ancestral temple.

The round building is the most distinctive building in the local Tulou group. Generally, it starts from a circle center and spreads out layer by layer according to different radii, just like the water waves in the lake, which is very spectacular. The most central place is the family ancestral hall, and the outer one is the ancestral hall, the Wai corridor and the outer ring. The room size of the whole Tulou is the same, with an area of about 10 square meters. The common staircase is used, and there is almost no secret for each family.

There are many types of Tulou structure, one of which is the three Hall system with the upper, middle and lower halls arranged in depth along the central axis. In such Tulou, the lower hall is generally the entrance and exit, which is placed in the front; the middle hall is located in the center, which is the place for family gatherings and guests; the upper hall is located in the innermost, which is the place for ancestor memorial tablets.

In addition to the unique structure, the internal windowsill, porch and eaves corner of the Tulou are also gorgeous and exquisite, which is a wonderful flower in Chinese residential architecture.

characteristic

Hakka earth building has many advantages, such as full economy, good firmness, wonderful physics, outstanding defensive, unique artistry and so on.

Hakka earth building is a collective building, its biggest feature is its large shape. Tulou furniture

Chinese PinYin : Ke Jia Tu Lou