Tonghui River

Tonghui river was built in 1292 by Guo Shoujing of Yuan Dynasty, which took one year to complete. This is a water transport river, boat water transport can reach Jishuitan, so Shichahai, Houhai area become the end of the Grand Canal, thousands of sails gathered, lively.

Tonghui River

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

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Tonghui river is a water transport channel excavated and built in Yuan Dynasty, which was built by Guo Shoujing. From the 29th year of Zhiyuan (1292) to the 30th year of Yuanyuan (1293), the river was named Tonghui river.

Tonghui river is not only an economic lifeline of Beijing, but also a famous scenic spot in Beijing. Tonghui river is mainly located in Tongzhou District and Chaoyang District.

brief introduction

Tonghui River, located in the east of the capital, is a water transport channel excavated and built in the Yuan Dynasty. It was built by Guo Shoujing. From the 29th year of Zhiyuan (1292) to the 30th year of Zhiyuan (1293), the river was named "Tonghui River". The earliest excavated Tonghui river is 82 km long, from Shenshan spring in Baifu village, Changping County, through wengshanpo (now Kunming Lake) to Jishuitan and Zhongnanhai, from wenmingmen (now Chongwenmen) to the East, from Yangzha village in Chaoyang District to gaolizhuang village in Tongzhou (now Zhangjiawan Village) to Luhe River (now the old road of Beiyun canal). The section from wengshanpo to Jishuitan was called Gaoliang River in Yuan Dynasty.

After the excavation of Tonghui River, the Jishuitan can be reached by boat and water transportation. Therefore, Jishuitan, including Shichahai and Houhai, has become the end of the Grand Canal. With hundreds of merchant ships berthing and thousands of sails berthing, it is lively and prosperous. In the middle and late Yuan Dynasty, up to two or three million stone grains were transported from the south to Dadu by Tonghui river every year. The river was maintained in the Ming and Qing Dynasties until the early 20th century.

Later, at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, due to war and mountain torrents, the upper section of Tonghui River from Shenshan spring in Baifu village to wengshanpo (called baifuyan) was abandoned. Tonghui River, generally refers to the section of river from DongBianMen Datong bridge to Tongzhou District North Canal, with a total length of 20 kilometers.

In order to control the flow of water and facilitate the navigation, 24 sluices were built on the main trunk line of Tonghui river. From west to East, there are 11 gates named Guangyuan gate, Xicheng gate, Chaozong gate, Haizi gate, Wenming gate, Weicun gate, Jidong gate, jiaoting gate, Yangyin gate, Tongzhou gate and Hemen gate. According to the records of Yuan history, some of them were renamed in the first year of Yuanzhen. "The name of its Xicheng sluice is Huichuan, the name of Haizi sluice is clarified, the old name of Wenming sluice is still used, Weicun sluice is Huihe, Jidong sluice is Qingfeng, jiaoting sluice is Pingjin, Tongzhou sluice is Tongliu, Hemen sluice is Qingli, and Yangyin sluice is Puji."

Tonghui river was renamed Yuhe (Yuhe) after Ming Dynasty. In 1956, all parts of the city were changed into underground ditches. In the second half of the 20th century, the river water was like ink. Later, a intercepting well was built at the south entrance of the main street along the South River of the Yuhe sewer to discharge the sewage and the water from the Changpu River to the Gaobeidian sewage treatment plant, and the water quality of Tonghui River improved year by year.

history

Guo Shoujing diverts water into Dadu

Yuhe was built in Yuan Dynasty, which was presided over by Guo Shoujing, a famous water conservancy expert in Yuan Dynasty. Guo Shoujing (1231-1316), a native of Xingtai, Hebei Province, is a master of mathematics, astronomy, geography and water conservancy. From Yuan Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan used the water system of Shichahai to build Dadu, and took the East Bank of Shichahai as the central axis of Dadu. In order to solve the problem of water source in Dadu City, Guo Shoujing built a water diversion project from baifuquan in Changping county to Dadu city. From Baifu village Shenxian spring in Changping County, it flows westward and then southward. Along the way, it gathers Yimu, Yuhe, Yuquan and other springs, intercepts the upper reaches of Shahe and Qinghe, and flows into wengshanpo (Kunming Lake in Summer Palace). From wengshan lake to Shuiguan, which flows into heyimen (Xizhimen) through Changhe River (Gaoliang River), to Jishuitan (also known as Haizi, Shichahai after Ming Dynasty). From Wanning bridge (buliang bridge and backdoor bridge) in the east of Jishuitan, through the east wall of the Imperial City, it flows through the beach, North River and South River, through the south of Yuhe bridge, it goes out of the East water pass of Lizhengmen, and then turns southeast to flow into the jinzha river outside wenmingmen. Then it flows from jinzha River 40 Li East to gaolizhuang in the west of Zhangjiawan, Tongzhou District, and into Baihe River, with a total length of about 82 km.

Little known is that Guo Shoujing also presided over the dredging of Huitong River in Shandong Province of Beijing Hangzhou Grand Canal in 1289. From Anshan to Linqing in the north, this Henan road is 250 Li long. This section of the river has been silted up for many years. If it is not dredged, the Grand Canal will not be able to reach Beijing. Guo Shoujing built more than 30 stone gates on Huitong river. Each gate is ingeniously designed, magnificent, scientific and practical, so it is called "Gate River". The dredging of Huitong river made the water transportation of the grand canal reach TongZhou directly, which laid a foundation for the dredging and water transportation of Tonghui river.

Kublai named Tonghui River

The baifuquan water diversion project and the Tonghui river dredging project started in 1292, especially in the Yuhe river. Not only did the migrant workers dig the river, but also the officials of the imperial court took part in the labor. The project was completed in the autumn of the next year. At that time, the grain boats in the south of the Yangtze River were crowded on the Northeast Bank of Jishuitan. On the Yuhe River, there were also huge rows of boats. People in the metropolis vied for the first place to watch and cheer, just like a festival. Kublai Khan, Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty, was coming back from Helin, Shangjing. He saw that the water was full of grain boats on the Wanning bridge. He called the river from Wanning bridge to TongZhou Tonghui river. Kublai Khan started the name of Tonghui river. People generally call the north section of the Grand Canal Lu River and the section from DongBianMen to TongZhou Tonghui river. However, before Yuan Dynasty, Tonghui river was called Lu River. In Jin Dynasty, it was called jinzha River, because in Jin Dynasty, it also dredged Lu River and built gate dam. The section from Wanning bridge to jinzha river is called "Yuhe" or "Yuhe" because it is in the capital and flows through the Imperial root of Yuan Dynasty.

The jade river is like a small Qinhuai River

In the dredging project of Tonghui River, the first section of Yuhe river is completely newly excavated. Later, because the jade river became dark or disappeared, people forgot about it. The Tonghui river is dredged, because the food and various goods from the south are continuously transported to the metropolis, and the Northeast Bank of Jishuitan becomes the final wharf of the Grand Canal, so Jishuitan is very prosperous, especially in the area of Yandai Xiejie on the Northeast bank. On the shore are hotels, restaurants, restaurants, teahouses, various shops and so on, which have become the most lively places in most cities. Jishuitan has become the most beautiful scenic spot in metropolis. It is especially famous for lotus. The ancients had many poems. For example, in the chronicle of the age of Yanjing, it is recorded that Lotus is the most prosperous. In June, ladies gather. Where flowers bloom, the north coast area, the best scenery. Green willows drooping, red powder greasy, Huaguang human face. I really don't know what a person is and what a flower is. " There is a poem: "lotus is fragrant for ten miles, and the evening wind blows across the buliang bridge.". The "Yinding mountain view" in Jishuitan has also become the best place to view Xishan in the capital. On the Yuhe River, there are also freighters, and the scenery is magnificent. The two sides of the Strait are also adjacent to each other, just like the Qinhuai River in the south of the Yangtze River.

Wu Zhong dredges Huihe river again

In the Yuan Dynasty, after the Tonghui river was dredged, the final problem of the Grand Canal was solved, and the grain and all kinds of goods were directly transported to Jishuitan in the metropolis. When water transport was the most, it could transport 2 million tons of grain a year. However, in the early Ming Dynasty, because of the war and the construction of Beijing city by General Xu Da, the south wall of Beijing city moved southward, and the river from Wanning bridge to Chongwenmenwai was no longer suitable for water transportation. Water transport can only reach the Datong bridge outside DongBianMen, so Tonghui river was also called Datong River at that time. During the Yongle reign of the Ming Dynasty, the imperial ancient buildings, such as the Forbidden City, the altar of state, the temple of heaven, and so on, were built. The big wood and the sacred wood used in them could only be transported to Chongwen gate, so the "sacred wood factory" (now at Huashi Street) was built outside Chongwen gate. Later, Tonghui river was silted up again. Although it was dredged several times, it failed for various reasons. In the seventh year of Jiajing, because of the need of a large number of Royal temples and ancient buildings, the Huihe river was dredged again under the leadership of Wu Zhong, the censor of xunkang. Wu Zhong dredged it according to Guo Shoujing's water diversion route and achieved success. According to the records of Tonghui River, "the original site of the people of the Yuan Dynasty was excavated to dredge the two springs of immortals and horse eyes, and the veins of the two rivers of Yu and Sha were cut off. The seven Li Po (wengshan PO) was formed by converging one mu of springs and running through the capital in the East. From Datong bridge to gaolizhuang and Baihe in Tongzhou. For every one hundred and sixty li, there are four gates for twenty. " Because of Wu Zhongshu's contribution to Tonghui River, people built a memorial temple for him in Tongzhou.

In the 26th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, the water transportation of Tonghui river was stopped, but the historical achievements of Tonghui River remained forever. In particular, many ancient buildings in Beijing, most of which were made of wood from Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei and other provinces in the South, were transported to the capital through the Grand Canal and Tonghui river. In the yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, most of the food people in the capital came from the south. For example, in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, after Wu Zhongshu opened the Huihe River, he transported four or five million tons of grain from the south in one year. For example, during the Ming Dynasty, after the civil engineering revolution, the Wara tribe invaded Beijing. In order to prevent the Wala tribe from robbing TongZhou for grain, Yu Qian, Minister of the Ministry of war, transported grain from Tongzhou to Tongzhou. He used 500 carts to rush it day and night for half a month. As expected, the houwala tribe went to Tongzhou to rob grain, but it failed. From this incident, we can see how much grain was transported along the Grand Canal.

Future development

Tonghui canal. Historic navigable river. Due to the implementation of the policy of "stopping water supply and replacing it with discount" in the late Qing Dynasty and the development of railway and highway transportation since the 20th century, goods were transferred to land transportation, coupled with the shortage of water resources,

Chinese PinYin : Tong Hui He