Tangqiongyao site in Shifang

Tangqiongyao site in Shifang

Tang Qiongyao site in Shifang is a folk porcelain kiln site from Sui Dynasty to Song Dynasty. In shifangtang village, Nanhe Township, Qionglai City, Sichuan Province. Qionglai belongs to Qiongzhou from Tang Dynasty to Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, so it is called Qiongyao. It was founded and burned in Sui Dynasty, flourished in Tang Dynasty and finally in Song Dynasty. There is no record of this kiln in ancient times. It was discovered in 1930s, which attracted the attention of Archaeology and ancient ceramics. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics Management Committee, Sichuan Provincial Museum and Sichuan Provincial ancient ceramic history compilation team have made many investigations on this kiln site. From 1984 to 1987, excavations were carried out by the Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics Administration Committee and the Qionglai cultural relics administration institute. It is one of the most representative ancient celadon kilns in Sichuan Province.

In 1988, the State Council of the people's Republic of China announced the tangqiongyao site in Shifang as a national key cultural relics protection unit.

Brief introduction of the site

Shifangtang site is located in Qionglai County, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province. Qionglai kiln site is a famous porcelain kiln site in Tang Dynasty. Because Qionglai belonged to Qiongzhou in Tang Dynasty, it was also called "Qionglai kiln". Qiong kiln was founded in the Southern Dynasty and ended in the Song Dynasty. It is one of the most abundant and representative ancient porcelain kilns in Sichuan.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Qiong kiln was seriously damaged. From the 1950s to the early 1980s, cultural relics archaeologists in Sichuan Province conducted many investigations on the sites, and found ancient kiln sites in shifangtang, jianzishan, wayaoshan, Xihe Township and Guyi Town, among which shifangtang is the most famous.

Unearthed relics

Four series pots, river series pots, high foot plates and small flat bottomed deep bowls with the characteristics of porcelain from the Southern Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty were found at Tangdukou in Shifang.

The Tang Dynasty kiln site here is the most typical, with rich varieties, including various bowls, plates, bottles, pots, bowls, etc., as well as water pots with lifting beams. It is a typical regional feature that has not been seen in other Tang Dynasty porcelain kilns. Some of them are decorated with brown green spots, some with brown green patterns of flowers and plants, and some with patterns of flowers and birds. In addition, a large number of small animals and figures were found.

In 1988, the State Council announced shifangtang as a national key cultural relics protection unit.

archaeological discovery

The kiln is 530 meters long from east to west and 210 meters wide from north to south, with a total area of 111300 square meters. At present, there are 13 kilns piled up by kiln furniture, porcelain pieces and slag, which are more than 10 meters high and 6-7 meters low. Nine kilns were found in the kiln site, including six dragon kilns and three horseshoe kilns. Longyao is long strip and slope type, with an inclination of 7 ° to 21 °.

The kiln body is composed of fire chamber, kiln bed and flue. The kiln wall is built with brick and sagger and filled with fireclay; the inner wall is smeared with clay and the sintering layer is very thick. The No.1 kiln cleaned up is 27.4 meters long, 2.71-3.24 meters wide and 0.95-2.13 meters high; the horseshoe shaped kiln (commonly known as Mantou kiln) is composed of kiln door, fire chamber and kiln bed (see Figure).

The front of the kiln is small and the back is large, the two walls are micro arc, the back wall is straight, and the kiln door is rectangular. The furnace wall is built with bricks and the bottom is paved with bricks. The inner wall is coated with refractory clay, and the sintering layer is very thick. No. 5 kiln cleaned is 2.96M long, 0.32-2.16m wide and 0.31m high. The kiln furniture is made of refractory clay, including sagger, cushion seat, cushion cake, cushion ring, cushion strip and support nail.

Cultural characteristics

There is a workshop site near the kiln site, which unearthed porcelain making tools such as ingredient jar, stone mortar and various impressions. Most of the fetuses were brown and red brown, followed by brick red, and less were yellow white and gray white. There are more than 20 kinds of glaze colors, mainly green, white in green, gray in green, yellow in green, green in green occupy a considerable number, yellow, beige, mustard yellow, tea yellow, green, pink green, blue, purple blue, brown, yellow brown and other glaze colors are found, black glaze is very few.

The products of tangqiong kiln in Shifang are various and various, including various living utensils, stationery, entertainment supplies, figures, animal porcelain sculptures, Buddhist statues and a few building materials. Many of them have the local characteristics of Sichuan, and are rare in other kilns, such as beam cans, oil lamps and small porcelain sculptures of various figures and animals. These small statues are vivid and imaginative. In addition to wheel making, molding and hand pinching, carving is also a widely used technique. There are mainly four kinds of decoration techniques: underglaze painting, printing, engraving and heaping decals. Underglaze coloured drawing is the essence of Shifang Tong Qiongyao ruins. Qiong Tri Color is named after the Qiong porcelain's underglaze three colors. The colors are yellow, brown, green, blue and black. The decoration is concise and the folk flavor is heavy. There are flowers, clouds, spots, insects and birds.

A Tang Dynasty residential building site with an area of about 700 square meters was found near No. 5 Yaobao. The base site is divided into two layers, the lower five for the early Tang Dynasty, the upper four for the late Tang Dynasty. The foundation of the house is of brick and stone structure, with stone and brick masonry platform foundation wall and square brick floor. Square stone column foundation, step, vertical with brick, stone for two. There are corridors around the main hall. There are drainage ditches on the northwest sides of the foundation site, flowing into the Nanhe river. Five pits were found in the base site. Porcelain pots were built in the pits. One of the pots was full of copper coins, weighing about 40 kg. The latest one was Qianyuan treasure.

Site protection

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, Qionglai County Cultural Relic Management Office and Qiongyao cultural relic protection team have been established successively, which have done a lot of work on the protection of kiln sites. The protection signs of cultural relics and boundary stakes of cultural relics protection area were set up, and the protection walls of Tang Dynasty residential building sites were built.

significance

Qiongyao residential site of Tang Dynasty in shifangtang: located on the Bank of Nanhe River, 2km south of the city, it is a national key cultural relics protection unit. According to the history of Chinese ceramics, "in the Southern Dynasties, porcelain kilns were successively established in Chengdu and Qionglai, Sichuan Province, with Qionglai as the representative.

Shifangtang is the most concentrated kiln site. The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of Qiongyao. There are 13 kiln packages in tangqiong kiln in Shifang, surrounded by kiln furniture and porcelain pieces. Qiong kiln is the representative of ancient celadon in Sichuan Province, which attracts many experts and scholars at home and abroad to study and write articles.

In 1984, with the approval of the Ministry of culture and the Bureau of culture of the people's Republic of China, a protective rescue excavation was carried out. More than 17000 artifacts and more than 400 cultural relics were unearthed. All kinds of utensils are mainly used in daily life. The most unique utensils are oil saving lamps, and the most vivid ones are Hu people's water injection, goose cup, Yuanyang cup and chicken pot. The glaze color of the unearthed objects is rich and colorful, which is famous for "Qiong three colors" (single color, double color and three color). The glaze color is bright and never falls off.

Research value

The residential site of the Tang Dynasty was discovered when the third cultural layer of No. 5 kiln was excavated. Among them, there are 5 housing bases in the early Tang Dynasty and 4 in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, covering an area of about 900 square meters. There are ditches, wells and kilns around. It is a complete residential building of Tang Dynasty. This discovery fills in the gap in the history of Chinese residential architecture, enriches the content of tangqiongyao site in Shifang, and has high scientific research value.

Located on the Bank of Nanhe River, 2km south of Qionglai City, there are 13 Yaobao along the river, 530m long from east to west and 210m wide from south to north. More than 17000 pieces of artifacts have been unearthed. The glaze is rich and colorful. It is famous for "Qiong three colors" (single color, double color and three colors). Among them, shifangtang kiln is famous at home and abroad for its largest number of existing kilns, the largest site area, the longest duration of firing, the largest variety of products and the widest spread of products. It is the representative of Qiongyao site and the ancient celadon system in Sichuan Province.

There are five housing sites in the early Tang Dynasty and four in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, covering an area of about 900 square meters. There are ditches, wells and kilns around, which are complete residential buildings of Tang Dynasty. This discovery fills the blank in the history of Chinese residential architecture.

Main position

Qiong kiln is a famous ancient kiln. Sifangtang in Qionglai, Sichuan, belongs to Qiongzhou in ancient times, hence its name. It is one of the early porcelain kilns in Western Sichuan in Tang Dynasty. Also known as "Qionglai kiln". After many investigations after the founding of the people's Republic of China, Guyi kiln was the earliest kiln to burn porcelain, from the Sui Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, most famous in the Tang Dynasty.

The site of shifangtang kiln has a large area, and its relics have a typical Tang Dynasty style, with blue glaze, green brown spot, green color painting and other decorative varieties. It has a lot in common with Changsha kiln of Tang Dynasty in Hunan Province. It has a variety of shapes, including bottles, pots, cans, washing dishes, bowls and other utensils, as well as small sculptures, various animals, birds, acrobatic barrels, fat babies and other images, and its posture is vivid.

There are various kinds of daily utensils, such as plates, bowls, pots, etc. among them, the abundant small porcelain figurines are the most vivid. They are famous for creating ceramic oil lamp.

Address: shifangtang village, Nanhe Township, Qionglai County

Longitude: 103.46914672852

Latitude: 30.41259956399

Chinese PinYin : Shi Fang Tang Qiong Yao Yi Zhi