Yongyu Mausoleum

Yongyu mausoleum is the mausoleum of Zhao Xu, the sixth emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty (built in 1085). The stone carvings in this mausoleum are the representative of the late Song mausoleum statues, and the modeling techniques are relatively mature.

Yongyu Mausoleum

Yongyu mausoleum is the mausoleum of Zhao Xu, the sixth emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty (built in 1085). The stone carvings in this mausoleum are the representative of the statues of the late Song mausoleum, and the modeling techniques are relatively mature. Yongyu mausoleum is well known by many aesthetic and historical experts as a masterpiece of the mausoleum of the Northern Song Dynasty. It has always attracted numerous visitors and grave robbers with its exquisite stone carving techniques, especially the famous stone carving techniques of Shangma stone and Zhenling warriors. In March 1982, it was announced as the second batch of key cultural relics protection units by the State Council.

brief introduction

Yongyu mausoleum is the mausoleum of Zhao Xu, the sixth emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty (built in 1085). The stone carvings in this mausoleum are the representative of the statues of the late Song mausoleum, and the modeling techniques are relatively mature. The stone lion at the entrance of the tomb is very distinctive. It is powerful and vigorous. The local people say that "the lion in Dongling and the elephant in Xiling" is the lion. It is the most successful work of stone lion modeling in Song mausoleum.

From Yongxi mausoleum to the west, through Hutuo village, across a tributary of Wuluo River (the river is dry for most of the year), and then to baling village 6 Li to the West. In the southeast of the village, there is a high mausoleum, which is Yongyu Mausoleum of Zhao Xu, Emperor Shenzong of Song Dynasty.

Yongyu mausoleum is in the shape of "Fu Dou". Its bottom is slightly square, about 60 meters on each side, and its height is about 18 meters. Originally, there were two steps up and down. The bottom layer was originally built with bricks and stones, and the upper layer was densely planted with pine and cypress evergreen plants. The present Yongyu mausoleum, on the high platform, has only clumps of thorns and uneven grass. There are 17 stone statues in front of the mausoleum, which are representative works of stone carvings in the late Song Dynasty. They are vivid in shape, skillful and fluent in techniques. The stone lions outside the gate of the South God are vigorous, vigorous and vigorous. People comment on the stone carvings of song mausoleum, saying: "lion in Dongling mausoleum, elephant in Xiling mausoleum, good stone sheep on Hutuo River.". It is believed that the stone sheep of Yongxi mausoleum, the stone image of Yongtai mausoleum and the stone lion of Yongyu mausoleum are the best in shape and carving.

To be buried with

The tombs attached to this mausoleum include empress Xiang of Shenzong (empress Qinsheng, 56 years old when she died, whose mausoleum is in the northwest of Yuling), empress Zhu's Mausoleum (mother of zhezong, 51 years old when she died), empress Chen's Mausoleum (mother of Huizong, 32 years old when she died) and empress Wang's Mausoleum of Huizong (mother of qinzong, 25 years old when she died, whose mausoleum is in the northeast of Yuling). These tombs can still be identified, and the stone statues in front of each mausoleum are basically preserved. However, some of these art treasures have been buried in the ploughing soil, and some of them stand in the middle of the road in the west of the mausoleum, allowing people, animals and vehicles to collide without protection. It's a pity to see the scars all over them.

Life

Since the benevolent Song Dynasty, the national power of the Northern Song Dynasty has been declining day by day, with serious internal and external troubles. Zhao Xu, who was close to his father zhao shu when he was a child, witnessed the humiliation and difficult situation of his father's internal and foreign affairs, which left a deep imprint on his heart.

In 1067, shortly after he ascended the throne of God, he ordered Wang Anshi to step over to the Central Committee to carry out the new law and reform politics. In the palace, he often took off his emperor's clothes and put on his gold armor to show his determination to enrich the country and strengthen the army. In the court hall, he often talked with his ministers about soldiers, so as to encourage the generals to attack Liao, break the summer and turn the war around. In the fourth year of Yuanfeng (1081), the Song Dynasty sent millions of troops to suppress Xixia. Xihe (Xizhou, now Lintao, Gansu Province). In the first World War of Hezhou (now Linxia, Gansu Province), the army of Xixia defeated the Yellow River at night and irrigated the song division under the city of Lingzhou (southwest Lingwu, Ningxia). Hundreds of thousands of song soldiers died of drowning, freezing and starvation. Five years (1082), yonglezhai (West Mizhi County, Shaanxi Province) battle, song army was defeated, commander Xu Xi, generals Gao Yongneng, Li Ji below the death of more than 100000 people.

When the news of the defeat reached the palace late at night, Shen Song's heart was like a knife. He couldn't sleep all night and walked around the bed until dawn. In the early days, when they met with the ministers, they burst into tears and could not help themselves. They cried so much that all the ministers "did not dare to look up to them.". The defeat on the battlefield was a great blow to the king who was trying to be strong. From then on, he was depressed and "scared and sick". In the seventh year of Yuanfeng, he held an autumn banquet. When he was about to raise his glass to celebrate with Prime Minister Wang Anli, he suddenly got wind sick and his hands were flaccid. He couldn't hold the cup. He spilled the wine all over the floor. His mouth was stiff and it was difficult to speak. The banquet had to end. In the first month of the eighth year, his illness worsened. On March 5, the young emperor, with the intention of not competing, rushed to Yanjia in Funing hall.

Organizational system

Each mausoleum in the Northern Song Dynasty was composed of the upper palace, the lower palace, the Queen's Mausoleum and the tombs of the descendants of the royal family. Shanggong is the main part of the mausoleum. From south to north, there are quetai, Rutai, Shinto and Lingtai. Lingtai is the tomb, which is located in the middle of the palace city. It is divided into three layers, with a trapezoidal shape. On the top of it, green cypresses are planted. It is evergreen all the year round. The mausoleum, called the underground palace, is the place where the emperor's bones are buried. The underground palace is grand in scale, generally 30 meters deep. It is made of green bricks, imitating the architectural structure of the palace on the ground, and large color murals are painted on the walls. The lower palace, also known as the mausoleum, is located in the northwest of the upper palace, where the emperor's coffins and funeral officials live. Around the upper palace and the lower palace, there is a god wall more than ten meters high, which is called the palace city. The palace city generally covers an area of more than 100 mu. There are divine gates on all sides. There are a pair of stone lions outside the divine gate to defend against invaders from all directions.

In this period of animal carving, in addition to the previous attention to the momentum and detail, but also pay attention to the expression of verve and charm. Yongyu mausoleum walking lion is not only accurate in proportion, shaking his head and tail, but also pay attention to the exaggeration of his manner, and even the chain tied to his neck and back. Also with the whole lion's momentum

Sculpture group

In the group of stone carvings of the imperial mausoleum, the pillar at the front is also called Huabiao. The pillar of song mausoleum is octagonal, symbolizing all directions. It is a special symbol of royal architecture, with lotus pistil at the top, lotus seat at the bottom and dragon pattern in the middle. The next is the elephant and the tamer. In the Song Dynasty, the elephant was the leader of the Royal Guard of honor. The tamer generally came from Vietnam. In addition, the elephant also implied the significance of the renewal of everything. After the elephant is Rui bird and Rui beast. Rui bird of song mausoleum is a masterpiece of stone carvings of song mausoleum. It is also an unprecedented treasure, which is not found in other mausoleums. After that, there are horse guards and horse control officers, which are indispensable in the guard of honor. Behind the horse are the tiger, which symbolizes nobility and dignity, and the sheep, which symbolizes dexterity and auspiciousness. Behind the sheep are guest envoys, 3 pairs and 6 in total. They are representatives of neighboring countries and ethnic minorities who attended the emperor's funeral. The treasures they hold are different. From the differences of their looks and treasures, we can basically determine which country and region they came from. Behind the envoys, which is close to the emperor's mausoleum, are military generals and civil servants. Civil servants are close to the mausoleum, followed by military generals, which reflects the official system of the Song Dynasty. The same is true in the worship sequence. Further back, outside the gate of the mausoleum palace, stood the general of Zhenling, who was wearing armor, holding axes and axes, and his eyebrows were locked tightly. Sun Xianzhou, a song mausoleum research expert in Gongyi City, said, "behind the Zhenling general is the lion guarding the mausoleum palace."

Generally speaking, there are 36 stone carvings in Hou mausoleum, 18 tombs for princes and princesses, and 6-8 tombs for ministers. The number of stone carvings reflects different levels. Hou mausoleum is generally located in the northwest of the imperial mausoleum, with the same construction system and half the scale of the imperial mausoleum. In the northwest of the mausoleum is the lower palace, where the emperor's soul is provided with food and clothing. It is also the place where the officials, eunuchs and maids in charge of the daily life of the mausoleum. There are kitchens and storage places. Here, the administrators of the mausoleum will offer food for the emperor's remains in the lower palace every day. When the officials went to the mausoleum, they had to go to the lower palace to pay homage to the emperor's holy face after the sacrifice in the upper palace.

state

Yongyu mausoleum and Yongtai mausoleum are located in Baling village, Southwest Road, Zhitian township,

It is the mausoleum of Zhao Xu, Emperor Shenzong of Song Dynasty. Song Shenzong's life was full of ups and downs -- Wang Anshi's political reform was full of ups and downs; his defeat on the battlefield made him cry, and all the ministers in the court "dare not look up to him". From then on, the king, who worked hard to be strong, was depressed, "frightened and sick" and held the ambition of not achieving anything“

It's a rush. Yongyu mausoleum, where he died, is also the worst protected mausoleum among all the Imperial Mausoleums. More than 10 stone sculptures have lost their heads, and the house guarding the mausoleum area has been rented by the mausoleum keeper to a family from the south. Fu Yongkui even vaguely felt that the stone sculptures of yongyuling had lost their heads in recent years. There are many chimneys near Yongyu mausoleum, and the sewage flows to the foot of the stone statue. The whole mausoleum area is in a big pit. There are four tombs in existence.

Song of Yongyu Mausoleum

author

Song Wu Ming Shi

text

Shenglongde, when a rich spring and autumn. By the celestial sphere. With the life of the steed, jade and silk will go to the princes. The Pearl Tower of Baoge is close to Shangyuan, and the flowers make spring soft. Yinyinzhou. Dan Dan wants to visit Chen. It's hard to stay. Eight horses enter Danqiu. Mournful war out of China. The sound of the banners is long. Bishantou. In real life, guiluoao, fengtaiyou. Around Yiliu. The song peak is full of water. As soon as the Imperial Hall is closed, Wei Yan is silent, and the cold fog brings sorrow to the sky. Guarding the mausoleum and imperial concubines, imagining serving the dragon. Tooth plate ochre case Su Shen Xiu. When will you come. Red teardrop

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