Jinma Biji square

Jinma Biji archway is the joint name of Jinma archway and Biji archway. It is the symbol of Kunming. The two archways were built in the Ming Dynasty, with a height of 12 meters and a width of 18 meters, carved beams and painted buildings. The East Square is near Jinma mountain, which is called Jinma square. The west square is near Biji mountain, which is called Biji square. North and commemorating saidianchi's "zhongaifang" match, collectively known as "Pinzi Sanfang", becoming a scenic spot in downtown Kunming. The ancient Jinma Biji square was demolished in 10 years of turmoil, and the current building was rebuilt in 1999. Unfortunately, the spectacle of "Jinbi Jiaohui" can no longer be seen. The current Jinma Biji square is a commercial district full of life and vitality.

Jinma Biji square

Jinma Biji square is located at the confluence of Sanshi street and Jinbi Road in the center of Kunming. It is 12 meters high and 18 meters wide. The carved beams and painted buildings are superb. The East Square is near Jinma mountain and is called Jinma square. The west square is near Biji mountain and is called Biji square. It is the symbol of Kunming. Jinma Biji square was built in Xuande period of Ming Dynasty, which has a history of nearly 400 years.

When the sun is about to set, the afterglow shines on bijifang from the west, and its reflection is cast on the East Street; at the same time, the moon just rises from the East, and the silver light shines on Jinma Fang, and its reflection is cast on the West Street; the shadows of the two memorial archways gradually move towards each other, and finally hand over to each other. This is the spectacle of "Jinbi Jiaohui" which only appears once in 60 years. It is said that during the reign of Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty, this spectacle once appeared. Because of the rotation angle of the earth, the moon and the sun, this kind of scenery can only appear once every 60 years. The design of "Jinma Biji square" reflects the ancient Yunnan People's attainments in mathematics, astronomy and architecture.

The original "Jinma Biji square" was demolished in 10 years of turmoil, and the existing "Jinma Biji square" was rebuilt in 1998 according to the original style.

Historical legend

The myths and legends about Jinma Biji were first recorded in the history books, which were written by Ban Gu in Han Dynasty. According to the "biography of Wang Bao" in the book of Han Dynasty, in the third year of emperor Xuandi's Wufeng reign, there was a saying that Yizhou had the God of Jinma and Biji, which could be sacrificed. So Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty appointed Wang Bao, a famous scholar in Sichuan at that time, as an admonishment official and went to seek it with integrity. Because of the rebellion of the barbarians and the blocked roads, Wang Bao did not arrive in Yunnan, but only in the west of Sichuan. He wrote a song to the blue Rooster for a long-distance sacrifice. The eulogy is: "the governor of the festival makes Wang Bao worship the South Cliff, move the golden spirit horse and the blue rooster, live in the wilderness of the south, return to the valley in the deep stream, not the hometown of the earth. After returning, Han and Germany are boundless, far more than Tang and Yu, and Zepei is the third emperor. Huang Long sees Xi and Bai Hu Ren. When he comes back, he can be a good friend. Return, fly, what's the matter with the southern wilderness. " Wang Bao tried to write a sacrificial essay to summon Jinma Biji to the mainland by virtue of "boundless Han and de", but he got nothing in the end, and he soon died on his way back.

Zhao Shilin, a famous scholar of the Qing Dynasty, wrote in his poem "poem of the blue rooster," the colorful clouds are dancing in the sky, and you are fascinated by the five colors of light. He turned into a green mountain, green for thousands of years, and Wang Bao crossed Brazil in the air. " Later, Yang Shen, a famous Ming Dynasty scholar who was relegated to Yunnan, moved Wang Bao's Jinma Biji script to the stone cliff of Xishan Mountain in Kunming, and said: "yuanjiu's Chinese characters, the use of Biao's Chinese Ci, and Yunnan's literature are still studied here."

Tracing back to the source

In the Han Dynasty, most of the records about Jinma Biji were simple and vague. Yan shigu and others explained: "gold looks like a horse, and Bi looks like a chicken." It means that gold and jade are produced in Central Yunnan. From the point of view of anthropology, ethnology and folklore today, Jinma Biji is probably related to the animal totem worship of Yunnan minority ancestors. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Chang Yu's "records of Huayang state · records of nanzhong" described the golden horse and Biji: "during the reign of emperor Zhang, Fu, the king of Shu, was the prefect of Yizhou, and his governance was very different. Four Shenma horses came from the Dianchi River..." "It's said by the elder that there is a god horse in the lake, or Jiaoyan, who gives birth to a steed. It's commonly known as" Dianchi steed "and travels 500 Li a day." "The scene of Biji is very common. It is also said that in the past, there was the sound of Fengming, and the natives called it Biji because they thought it was famous. " He also said: "there are Biji and Jinma in yutongshan (today's Dayao and Yongren areas). The light and shadow are so sudden that people often see them...". The records of Jinma Biji in the annals of Huayang, nanzhong, indicate that the belief of animal totem worship may have appeared in the nanzhong area where the ancestors of various ethnic minorities lived at that time.

The ancient Dianchi Lake and the vast area of Western Yunnan had a warm climate and dense vegetation, which was suitable for the reproduction and survival of all kinds of birds and animals. According to the biography of Southwest Yi in the book of the later Han Dynasty: "this county (Yizhou county) There are many parrots and peacocks in the open river. " All kinds of birds, such as pheasant, Green Pheasant, pheasant, pheasant and peacock, live in groups among the mountains, forests and valleys. The ancestors of ethnic minorities considered it a symbol of good luck. In fact, "Biji" is probably the legendary auspicious bird Phoenix. Its prototype should be rare birds such as peacocks, which are common in nanzhong. With rich imagination, the ancestors of ethnic minorities weaved the beautiful myth of "Biji".

Archaeological excavation also shows that the Baiyue tribe living in Dianchi Lake and its surrounding areas in the Han Dynasty had the custom of worshiping peacocks. Many bronzes unearthed in Shizhaishan of Jinning and Lijiashan of Jiangchuan are engraved with peacock patterns. In addition, there are also peacock stick head, peacock snake bronze clasps and so on. In particular, a woman feeding a peacock with a snake is carved on the cover of the shell storage vessel in the scene of "curse League" in tomb 12 of Shizhaishan, which shows that peacocks are generally loved and worshipped by the Baiyue tribe and are considered as auspicious and happy birds. "The book of mountains and seas · the book of nancishan" says: "it looks like a chicken, colorful and elegant, and is called Phoenix. It's a bird. It's natural to eat. It's peaceful to sing and dance. The myths and legends about "Biji" have national and regional characteristics.

Dianchi Lake and the vast area in Central Yunnan have been famous for horse production for a long time. In spring and summer, they were grazing on cliffs and valleys, and in autumn and winter, they were put on paddy fields with grass. Horses are closely related to the lives of the ancestors of ethnic minorities, such as fighting, carrying and farming No one can leave the horse. People love horses and even regard them as wealth. Archaeological excavation can also prove this point. At the end of the 20th century, archaeologists excavated a bronze horse model, 105 cm long, 32 cm wide and 107 cm high, from an Eastern Han tomb in Yangfutou cemetery in Guandu District. It is the first time that such a large bronze horse model has been found in Dianchi Lake and even central Yunnan. According to tan Cui's annals of Yunhai and Yuheng, horses were produced several times in Yunnan, but the annals recorded that a certain county and a certain county set up horses, which was very broad-minded Also said: "nanzhong folk custom, rich in livestock, so the horse alone.".

According to the relevant records in Manshu, at least before the Tang Dynasty, Jinma Biji had gradually changed from a god name to a mountain name. Fan Chuo's "Manshu" in the Tang Dynasty said: "Jinma mountain is more than 20 miles south of Luoshan in Tuodong City, and it is more than 100 Zhang high. It is opposite to the southeast, northwest and northwest of Biji mountain. According to the local custom, in the past, Jinma often appeared on the mountain, and there were also shrines." "Biji mountain, on the West Bank of Kunchi, is opposite to Tuodong city..." In the Tang Dynasty, after Buddhism was introduced into Yunnan, it gradually flourished due to the vigorous promotion of the rulers, so the myth of Jinma Biji also evolved into a Buddhist story. According to Zhang daozong's Ji Gu Dian Shuo of the Yuan Dynasty, "in the reign of King Xuan of Zhou, King Ashoka of the state of moyeti in Tianzhu gave birth to three sons, the first being Fubang, the second being Hongde and the second being Zhide. The three sons are all strong and courageous, because the father has a God's steed and wants to get it. Wang could not make a decision, so he ordered him to say: "take my God's steed and go, and there is one who can catch it." Ji Zi first came to the east mountain of Yunnan, which was named after the golden horse; the eldest son came to the west mountain, where there was bifengji mountain; the Dian people called Feng chicken, which was named as bifengji mountain; the second son went to Beiye, where they did not return. King Ashoka was worried and sent his uncle's gods to meet him with soldiers. He was blocked by Ailao Yi people, so he went back to Yunnan and ruled his mountains. He died and became a God. " Asoka was the ruler of the Peacock Dynasty in ancient India. He converted to Buddhism and became a devout Buddhist. In this fairy tale with strong Buddhist color, Jinma Biji was transformed from an animal god worshipped by ancient ancestors into a Buddhist figure (Prince Ashoka), which means that people's worship of Jinma Biji is respect for Buddhism. At the same time, it is also an obvious example of Buddhism using folklore to promote its doctrine. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, Wu Sangui rebelled. The ruling class of the Qing Dynasty used the myth of golden horse and blue Rooster to explain that it was heaven that helped the Qing Dynasty to pacify the rebellion. According to Dai jiongsun's Kunming county annals, in 1688, the Qing general Gushan Beizi led the army to besiege Kunming City and stationed troops at the foot of Jinma mountain, "dreaming of the golden horse in the night, and conquering the city of tomorrow." So the Qing rulers decided to rebuild Lingying Temple (Jinma Temple).

Cultural symbol

In the late Ming Dynasty, the monk in charge once wrote poems

A pass in the East and a pass in the west, no golden horse, no blue chicken.

Acacia in the face of 30 Li, Biji crow when the Golden Horse hiss.

Jinma and Biji used to be the symbol of human landscape and city in Kunming. Located at the southern end of the traditional central axis of Kunming City, the intersection of Jinbi Road and Zhengyi Road, it was built in Xuande period of Ming Dynasty. Jinma square in the East and Biji square in the West are separated by about ten meters. Both of them are gatehouse style wooden archways with overhanging eaves. They stand on equal footing with Zhongai square, forming three archways with the word "pin". After the completion of Jinma and Biji, they suffered from repeated wars and reconstruction. In 1884, cen Yuying, the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, presided over the reconstruction of Jinma Biji square, which was demolished in the late 1960s. In the old days, "Jinbi Jiaohui" was one of the "eight sceneries" in Kunming. In 1998, in the process of reconstruction and expansion of Jinbi Road, Kunming Municipal People's Government rebuilt Jinma Biji square again.

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