Huangling Temple

Huangling Temple

Huangling temple, also known as huangniu temple, huangniu ancestral temple and huangniu Lingying temple in ancient times, is the only well preserved ancient building complex in the Three Gorges area of the Yangtze River. It is located in Sandouping Town, Yichang County, Hubei Province (now Yiling District, Yichang City), under huangniu rock on the South Bank of the Yangtze River in the middle of Xiling Gorge of the Three Gorges, and stands beside the magnificent Yangtze River. There are a lot of valuable hydrological relics and physical data about the water level of the Three Gorges area. In a sense, it is also a hydrological database of the water level changes in the Three Gorges area. These data provide an important historical hydrological basis for the Gezhouba Water Control Project and the Three Gorges water control project.

brief introduction

Huangling temple is an important historical and cultural heritage in the Three Gorges area. In 1956, the people's Government of Hubei Province announced it as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in Hubei Province. On May 25, 2006, as an ancient building of Ming Dynasty, Huangling temple was approved by the State Council to be listed in the Sixth Batch of national key cultural relics protection units. The ancient temple, which used to be swaying and overgrown with weeds, has taken on a new look after maintenance and renovation. It has become a splendid cultural place with orange fragrance. Duoduo Fengling seems to be still telling about the flood of the Yangtze River in 1870, while the majestic Yuwang hall is witnessing the great feat of the new generation of Dayu people in eradicating the flood of the Yangtze River and raising the gorge out of Pinghu. In the orange season, the surrounding area of Huangling temple is full of orange fragrance and rich fruits. This is one of the Three Gorges citrus production areas, and the famous Yihong orange is produced here.

In order to better protect the Huangling temple, the Yiling District government has never stopped the repair and protection of the Huangling temple. Since 1977, the Huangling Temple Cultural Relics Management Office has been officially established to protect the Huangling temple. In the early 1980s, the government of Yichang county (now Yiling District) raised more than 1.3 million yuan to repair the Huangling temple on a large scale. In the 21st century, Huangling temple, which is already a key cultural relic protection unit of the state, has been repaired on a large scale.

history

There are many legends about Huangling temple in history, and the name of "Huangling" is also puzzling. Huangling temple, formerly known as huangniu temple, was built in the spring and Autumn period and Warring States period to commemorate Dayu's great achievements in water control, according to Yichang Fu Zhi. In the renewal of Donghu county annals (1864), which was written in the Jiazi year of Tongzhi reign of the Qing Dynasty, it is said that "there are one dangerous bandits in the gorge, and the cattle are the most. Marquis Wu said that the rocks are empty, the waves are rippling on the bank, and the swords and boulders are in the middle of the river". It is also said that "the images of gods are still in the power of Dong Gong's enlightenment, so the Dayu temple has been revived for thousands of years." There is no textual research on the beginning of Huangling temple, but its development can be found from some later historical materials.

In Huangling temple, there is still a piece of Huang Niu Miao Ji written and engraved by Zhuge Liang for the reconstruction of Huang Niu temple, which is the inscription of the stele According to the ancient legend, Huang Niu helped Yu to open up the river to control the flood. After nine years, he succeeded. He believed in it without falsehood. He regretted that the appearance of the temple had been abandoned, which made people feel relieved. God helped Yu to open up the river without chiseling axes. He helped the boat and sailed smoothly. When the temple ate the land, it prospered and rebuilt its name, which is called Huang Niu temple. "

In 1985, during the overhaul of the Yuwang hall in Huangling temple, several pieces of lotus petal stone plinths of Tang Dynasty were unearthed. The petals were huge and looked like gold plinths. At the same time, two complete lotus petal stone plinths were unearthed, which seemed to prove that Huangling temple had been rebuilt in Tang Dynasty. From October 1036 to March 1038, Ouyang Xiu of the Northern Song Dynasty was appointed county magistrate in Yiling (Yichang), and he left "huangniu gorge Ci": "in front of the stone horse ancestral temple, the crow's voice is thick with trees Seeing a scalper day and night makes pedestrians worry about it

On the ninth day of October in the sixth year of Qiandao (1170), Emperor Xiaozong of Song Dynasty, Lu You said in the book of entering Shu A little snow on the 9th, passing Fanzi gorge At the end of the day, there were many people coming to buy tea and vegetables According to the legend, God blessed Xiayu for his meritorious service in flood control, so he ate here. There is a stone horse on the left and right sides of the gate. It is quite humble and small. It is covered by a small hut. The right horse has no left ear. It is seen by Ouyang In the temple of European poetry. "

In 1986, when renovating the twelve stone steps in front of Yuwang hall, one stone horse head was removed from the elephant eye stone on the left. Only the top, eyes, nose, mouth, neck and bell of the horse's head were left. Other parts of the horse's head were chiseled into a long and regular surface, which was built on the side of the stone steps as elephant eye stones, with the face of the stone horse facing inward. It should be the stone horse Ouyang Xiu saw at that time.

Volume 26 of Donghu county annals: in the early Hongwu Period of Ming Dynasty, the cattle worshipped in the huangniu temple were officially granted to the God. In the winter of 1422, Zhang Si'an, the governor of Yongle County, took charge of the Yiling Mausoleum (now Yichang) and heard that the tigers on the stone beach of Huangling river had been harmed. He set up a well to capture ten of them. So he led the Yiling mausoleum to guard Wang Shan and worship them. He thanks the spirit of Huangling God for his silent help and wrote the inscription of Huangling God. It can be seen that the name of Huangling temple should begin in the Hongwu Period of Ming Dynasty.

At the end of Tongzhi period (1874), Huang Zhaomin, a classical historian of the Qing Dynasty, made a tour map of Xiajiang period, and wrote and engraved the record of visiting Huangling temple in Huangling temple. It says: "the foundation of the temple is the site of huangniu temple built in Han Dynasty. The temple was burned by the soldiers, and the ancient brown color did not exist. It was rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty, and its outline was large. It also served the God Yu. It was disrespectful of the word Niu, so it was changed to Huangling.... " It is also said: "the temple is dedicated to Dayu, the Yingchu inscription was made by Jiuzhou people in 1618, and there is a broken tablet beside it. It is praised by the Huangling God. It was written by Liu Rui of Xishu, the southern servant Shaoqing of Gengchen (1520) in Zhengde. The temple is like a Taoist statue of Laozi. Cloud is the Huangling God, and a cow stands on the side of the seat. I heard that Song Wan wrote a couplet in the Guochao Dynasty, which said: miraculous work of Sanba, no labor of Guibi, Shen Baima, great skill of Fu Dayu, love of smoke, but still see the yellow cattle. Now I am dead. Then there is another hall for Sakyamuni. " According to this, the Huangling temple still exists in Zhengde period of Ming Dynasty. I don't know when it was destroyed, so it was rebuilt in the 46th year of Wanli period of Ming Dynasty and has been standing up to now.

According to the above records, as well as the relics and relics found in the process of maintenance, Huangling Temple indeed has a long history and may have been built in the Han Dynasty.

architectural composition

The Huangling temple covers a small area and has few buildings, but it has a certain layout, especially its main buildings are the material materials to witness the great flood of the Yangtze River, which has an important position in the history of hydrological Archaeology of the Yangtze River. The internal architecture of Huangling temple is generally divided into two parts: main axis architecture and subsidiary architecture.

Main axis building

Huangling temple is 40 degrees south by West. On the main axis of the temple are Shanmen, Yuwang hall, Quyuan hall and Zushi Hall (also known as Foye Hall). They are respectively built on four gradually elevated platforms, with the height of each platform about 2 meters apart.

Shanmen

The mountain gate is built on the riverside terrace at an altitude of 75.56 meters. There are still two stone horses in the Mountain Gate in Song Dynasty. Before Jiaqing of Qing Dynasty, it was called "chishulou". In 1803, Zhao Tiankun, the governor of Chongqing, saw that the palace wall of the middle hall of chishulou collapsed because of the wind and rain for many years. He advocated to rebuild it. He rebuilt the middle hall of chishulou into a stage and wrote an inscription (eternal fragrance) which still exists in the temple.

According to the art and literature records of Donghu county annals, Wang Boxin of the Qing Dynasty wrote the story of repairing Wuhou Temple and statues in huangniu gorge in 1864. He talked about repairing Wuhou Temple and pretending to repair the old statues. He did not mention that the mountain gate was destroyed by flood or rebuilt. This shows from one side that the Shanmen was tested by the great flood of the Yangtze River in 1860. However, from the existing record of visiting Huangling temple, which was engraved by Huang Zhaomin in 1874, "to the temple, the mountain gate has been covered. In the ninth year of Tongzhi, it was soaked by water, and the ruins have accumulated." It can be inferred that the gate of Huangling temple was destroyed by the Yangtze River flood in 1870.

The existing gate of Huangling temple was rebuilt in the winter of the 12th year of Guangxu (1886) of the Qing Dynasty. It is a brick and wood structure with through frame structure. There are 33 steps and 18 levels of stone steps outside the gate, implying 33 heaven and 18 hell floors.

Yuwang Hall

The hall is the main building of the existing buildings in Huangling temple. It is built on a platform 19 meters higher than the foundation of the mountain gate. It has double eaves, a top rest, a bucket like wooden structure and eight citron houses. It was originally a gray tube and tile roof, with a surface width of 18.44 meters and a depth of 16.02 meters, a column network area of 295.4 square meters, a height of 19 meters and a through height of 17.74 meters. It covers an area of 4000 square meters. Liang Fang inscribed: "Emperor Ming Wanli Wu Meng Dong Ji Dan Feng Zhi Zhi Fu Zhi Zhi Zhi Yi Ling Zhou Shi Yu Zhang Wu Congzhe Zheng Shi Lang judge, Shi Lang Li Mu San Yuan Hou, due to the town's good people "Tongjian". On the basis of the gold pillars of the main hall, there is a small stele, commonly known as the seven inch stele. The inscription is "forever forever", and the vertical inscription is "the 46th year of Wanli of Jingzhou Prefecture, Daming garden". On the front of the hall, the plaque on the lower eaves is "Xuangong eternal", inscribed with the inscription "chongjia Jichun Yuechi Hitachi Huiwang in Xinsi year", and the plaque on the upper eaves is inscribed with the inscription "diding Jianglan", inscribed with the inscription "Dongji, Qianlong, 14 years old, has realized luoqige's title and written".

In 1983, while planning to overhaul the Yuwang Hall of Huangling temple, ancient architectural experts made a scientific survey and demonstration of the hall, pointing out that "according to the inscription on the beam forehead of the hall, it was rebuilt in 1618, rebuilt many times in Yongzheng, Qianlong and Guangxu years of the Qing Dynasty, and renovated on a large scale in the 17th year of Guangxu, and its main structure and upper eaves are still intact It was Ming Dynasty

Chinese PinYin : Huang Ling Miao