Eastern Royal Tombs of the Qing Dynasty

Located in Zunhua City, Tangshan City, Hebei Province, covering an area of 78 square kilometers, the eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty is the largest, most complete and most appropriate mausoleum complex in China. It is a world cultural heritage and a national 4A tourist attraction, 125 kilometers away from Beijing.

Eastern Royal Tombs of the Qing Dynasty

Dongling Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty is located 30 kilometers northwest of Zunhua City, Tangshan City, Hebei Province, 125 kilometers west of Beijing, covering an area of 80 square kilometers. It is the largest, most complete and most appropriate mausoleum complex in China.

The eastern Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty began to be built in 1661 (the 18th year of Shunzhi). It took 247 years to build 217 palaces and archways in succession, forming 15 large and small mausoleums. The mausoleum is 12.5 km long and 20 km wide, with 161 people buried, including five emperors, 15 queens, 136 concubines, three elder brothers and two princesses.

Dongling Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty was listed in the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units in 1961,

In November 2000, it was listed in the world heritage list, and in January 2001, it was rated as the first batch of AAAA scenic spots in China by the National Tourism Administration.

In October 2015, it was rated as a national 5A scenic spot by the National Tourism Administration.

In February 2020, in order to pay homage to the majority of medical workers, Tangshan Municipal Bureau of culture, radio, television and tourism issued an initiative to the city's tourist attractions to implement a free visit policy for all medical workers nationwide.

geographical environment

Dongling Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty is located in Zunhua City, Tangshan City, Hebei Province, with latitude of 40 ° 08 ′ ~ 40 ° 11 ′, longitude of 117 ° 37 ′ ~ 117 ° 42 ′,

It covers an area of 80 square kilometers. It is 125 kilometers away from Beijing. The mausoleum is 12.5 km long and 20 km wide from north to south. It is surrounded by mountains on all sides. In the south of the mausoleum, Yandun mountain and Tiantai Mountain face each other, forming a valley mouth only 50 meters wide, commonly known as longmenkou.

Historical evolution

The construction of the 15 tombs of the eastern Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty lasted for 247 years from the first building of emperor Shunzhi's Xiaoling in 1661 (the 18th year of Shunzhi) to the final building of Empress Dowager Cixi's putuoyu dingdong mausoleum in 1908 (the 34th year of Guangxu).

In 1661 (the 18th year of Shunzhi), the Xiaoling Mausoleum of the first emperor of Shunzhi was built. In 1664 (November of the third year of Kangxi), the main project was completed. In 1668 (the seventh year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi), the stele pavilion was built.

In 1674 (the 13th year of Emperor Kangxi), empress xiaochengren, the empress of Emperor Kangxi, died and began to prepare for the construction of jingling. In 1676 (the 15th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi), the earth was broken to start construction. In 1681 (the 20th year of Kangxi), when the two empresses Xiaocheng and Xiaozhao were buried, the Longen Hall of Jingling was still under construction. At the same time, with the completion of the imperial concubines' dormitory in Jingling, it became the first imperial concubines' dormitory built by the Qing Dynasty.

In 1688 (the 27th year of Kangxi), Emperor Kangxi followed his grandmother's will to build the temporary Anfeng hall outside the Fengshui wall and on the east side of the dahongmen. 37 years later, in 1725 (the third year of Yongzheng), Emperor Yongzheng decided to transform the temporary Anfeng hall into Zhaoxi mausoleum. The construction started on the third day of the second month of the lunar calendar and was completed by the end of the year. After the completion of the temporary Anfeng Hall of empress Wen in Xiaozhuang, Emperor Kangxi built a mausoleum for Empress xiaohuizhang on the east side of Xiaoling, which was completed in about 1693 (the 32nd year of Kangxi). This is the first empress mausoleum built by the Qing Dynasty, setting a precedent for the Qing Dynasty to build a mausoleum for the empress alone. Because it is located in the east of Xiaoling and is the same system as Xiaoling, it is called Xiaodong mausoleum.

In the early years of Yongzheng, Emperor Yongzheng located his land in Jiufeng Chaoyang mountain in Zunhua, and transported a lot of building materials. In 1729 (the seventh year of Yongzheng), Emperor Yongzheng abandoned it on the pretext that "although the scale was large, the shape was incomplete, and the soil in the cave was filled with sand and stone". He restored it to the base of Taining mountain in Yixian County, Hebei Province, and set up another Zhaoyu area to build the tailing mausoleum. Since then, there have been "Dongling" and "Xiling".

Shortly after Emperor Qianlong's accession to the throne, two imperial concubines, quhui and Dunyi of Emperor Kangxi, who lived in the east of jingling, built their own dormitories, which are called imperial concubines' dormitories in Jingling, commonly known as Shuangfei mausoleum.

In 1742 (the seventh year of Qianlong's reign), Emperor Qianlong identified shengshuiyu in Dongling as his lucky land for ten thousand years. In February of the next year, the land was broken to start construction, and it was completed in 1752 (the 17th year of Qianlong's reign). In 1799 (the fourth year of Jiaqing), it was named "Yuling".

In 1747 (the 12th year of Qianlong), the construction of Yuling imperial concubine's garden was broken and completed in 1752 (the 17th year of Qianlong). From 1755 to 1762 (from the 20th year to the 27th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong), another expansion was carried out. Fangcheng, minglou, Baocheng and dongxipeidian were added.

In order to balance the relationship between the eastern mausoleum and the Western mausoleum, in 1796 (the first year of Jiaqing), Emperor Hongli ordered the later mausoleums to be built separately in the eastern mausoleum and the Western mausoleum according to the order of Zhaomu.

In 1821 (the first year of Daoguang), Emperor Daoguang built a mausoleum at baohuayu in Dongling, which was completed in 1827 (the seventh year of Daoguang). The imperial concubine's garden and princess's garden were also completed. In the second year after the completion of the baohuayu mausoleum, Emperor Daoguang found that the underground palace was seeping water. He then abandoned the built baohuayu mausoleum and imperial concubine's garden in the eastern mausoleum and transported them to the Western mausoleum for reconstruction, leaving a lot of ruins in the boundary of the eastern mausoleum.

After emperor Xianfeng ascended the throne, the site of the mausoleum was selected as Ping'an valley within the boundary of Dongling. In 1859 (the ninth year of Xianfeng), the earth was broken to start construction. Because of the outbreak of the second Opium War, the mausoleum workers were hindered. In 1861 (the 11th year of Xianfeng), after emperor Xianfeng died in Chengde Mountain Resort, the work of the mausoleum was forced to speed up. In 1866 (the fifth year of Tongzhi), it was completed and named "Dingling". Later, the imperial concubine's dormitory was completed one after another. Due to the loss of compensation and the emptiness of the national treasury, a large number of old materials abandoned by Daoguang emperor in baohuayu were used in the construction of Dingling mausoleum. The construction quality was not as good as before.

In 1873 (the 12th year of Tongzhi), the dingdong Mausoleum of Empress Dowager Ci'an and Empress Dowager Cixi was built at the same time at the puxiangyu and putuoyu, two Li Xu, east of Dingling mausoleum. In 1879 (the 5th year of Guangxu), it was completed at the same time. Sixteen years later, Cixi ordered his mausoleum to be rebuilt. It started in 1895 (the 21st year of Guangxu) and completed in 1908 (the 34th year of Guangxu), which lasted for 13 years. Because these two mausoleums are located in the east of Dingling and subordinate to Dingling, they are collectively referred to as "dingdong mausoleum". Empress Dowager Ci'an's mausoleum is called puxiangyu dingdong mausoleum; Empress Dowager Cixi's mausoleum is called putuoyu dingdong mausoleum.

Emperor Tongzhi didn't choose the site of the mausoleum before he died. After his death, he hastily made a decision. The site of the mausoleum was located in shuangshanyu within the boundary of Dongling, and the mausoleum was named Huiling. It was started in 1875 (the first year of Guangxu) and completed in 1878 (the fourth year of Guangxu). Located on the west side of Huiling, the Imperial Palace dormitory was also built between 1876 and 1878 (the second to fourth year of Guangxu). Due to the difficulty of national strength, only 21 years later, in 1899 (the 25th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), it was found that the wooden structure of longen hall was broken and rotten, so it had to be demolished and rebuilt. Reconstruction began in 1899. In 1906 (the 32nd year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), the project was suspended because of the invasion of Beijing by the Eight Power Allied forces, which lasted for eight years.

In July 1928, sun dianying, commander of the 12th army of the Kuomintang, planned a robbery of the Dongling mausoleum in the name of "suppressing bandits", and robbed Emperor Qianlong's Yuling mausoleum and Empress Dowager Cixi's dingdongling mausoleum.

In September 1945, Zhang Jinzhong, the leader of the intelligence team of the 15th military division of the Jidong military region under the jurisdiction of the puppet Jidong anti Communist autonomous government, together with Wang Shaoyi, mu Shuxuan, Jia Zhengguo, Zhao Guozheng, Li Shuqing, Liu en, Liu Jixin and others, openly began to steal the mausoleum. There are 14 tombs in the eastern Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty, and almost all the tombs of 157 people are survived.

In 1952, the state established the Cultural Relics Protection Institute of the eastern Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty to manage the mausoleum.

In 1961, the eastern Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty was listed as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units by the State Council.

In 1978, it was officially opened for Chinese and foreign tourists to visit.

On November 30, 2000, at the 24th World Heritage Committee meeting held in Cairns, Australia, the eastern Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty was unanimously approved and included in the world heritage list.

Mausoleum regulation

Emperor's Mausoleum

Before the Qing Dynasty entered the pass, three mausoleums were built outside the pass, namely Yongling, Fuling and Zhaoling. These three mausoleums have different regulations, which indicates that there was no custom-made mausoleum at that time. After entering the pass, the mausoleums built basically follow the regulations of Ming mausoleum. The sequence organization of each mausoleum in the eastern Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty strictly followed the principle of "mausoleum system should be commensurate with the mountains and rivers". It should not only "follow the regulation of ceremony", but also "cooperate with the victory of mountains and rivers".

Since the completion of emperor Shunzhi's Xiaoling at the foot of Changrui mountain, the regulation of emperor's mausoleum in Qing Dynasty has been basically formed. Its layout can be divided into three areas, namely shenlu area, palace area and Shenchu reservoir area. From south to north, there are stone archway, east-west xiamapai, dahongmen, Hufu Hall (the hall for visitors to change clothes and rest temporarily), Shengde Shengong stele Pavilion, shixiangsheng, longfengmen, yikong bridge, qikong bridge, Wukong bridge, east-west xiamapai, Sanlu Sankong bridge and Pingqiao. The palace area was built according to the pattern of the former dynasty and the later Dynasty. From south to north, it was Shinto stele Pavilion

Chinese PinYin : Qing Dong Ling