Juyonguan Great Wall

Juyongguan is one of the famous Guancheng of the Great Wall, which, together with the nearby Badaling Great Wall, is an important barrier to the northwest of Beijing. Together with daomaguan and Zijingguan, they are called "neisanguan".

Juyonguan Great Wall

Juyong Pass is a famous ancient pass city along the Great Wall in northern Beijing. It is one of the nine fortresses in the world, and the eighth of Taihang Baxing. It is a state-level cultural relic protection unit.

The gorge where Guancheng is located belongs to the mountainous area of the military capital of the Taihang river. The west mountain is surrounded by huge streams and cliffs. The terrain is extremely dangerous. Juyong Pass, Zijingguan pass, daomaguan pass and Guguan pass are known as the four famous passes in Jingxi of Ming Dynasty, among which Juyong Pass, Zijingguan pass and daomaguan pass are also known as neisanguan pass.

Juyong Pass is one of the four important passes, including Nankou pass, Juyong Pass, Shangguan pass and Badaling pass.

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geographical position

Juyongguan is located in Changping District, more than 50 kilometers away from Beijing. Juyongguan got its name from the Qin Dynasty. It is said that when the first emperor of Qin built the Great Wall, he moved prisoners, soldiers and civil servants here, which means "migrating to the mediocre". It was called Juyong Pass in the Han Dynasty, Xiguan pass in the Three Kingdoms period, Naqian pass in the Northern Qi Dynasty, and Juyong Pass, Jimen pass and Jundu pass in the Tang Dynasty.

Juyongguan is in a precarious situation, with Lulong and Jieshi in the East and Taihang and Changshan in the west, which is a real danger in the world. Since ancient times, it has been a must for military strategists. It has two passes in the north and the south. The south is called "Nankou", and the north is called "Juyong Pass". The existing Guancheng was built by Xu Dadu, a general sent by Zhu Yuanzhang. It is the gateway to the northwest of Beijing. Juyong Pass is flanked by magnificent mountains with a valley of 18 kilometers in the middle, commonly known as "Guangou". Here, the clear stream lingers, green peaks overlap, flowers and trees are luxuriant, and mountain birds contend. Beautiful scenery, known as "Juyong jucui", is listed as one of the "Eight Sights of Yanjing".

Historical evolution

As early as the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the state of Yan controlled this mouth. "Lu's spring and Autumn Annals" and "Huainanzi" all say that there are nine fortresses in the world, one of which is the most common. Diji: the eighth Xing of Taihang is the capital of the army.

In the Han Dynasty, Juyongguan had a large scale. In the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the envoys of emperor Geng entered Shanggu, and Geng Kuang welcomed him to Juyong Pass. In the 15th year of Jianwu (39th year), Xiongnu invaded the frontier and moved to the east of Juyongguan.

In the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty (118), Xianbei committed a crime and repeatedly attacked Shanggu. Jianguang early years (121), Fukou Juyongguan. In 193, Liu Yu, a nomad in Youzhou, sent Tian Chou to Chang'an. Chou blocked his way and was willing to go private. He chose his own family and guest to ride on Xiguan (Juyongguan) and went out of the fortress by the north mountain to Chang'an. After Liu Yu defeated Gongsun Zan, he went north to Juyong. Zan pursues and attacks the city.

In 340, the sixth year of Xiankang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the later Zhao Dynasty wanted to attack Murong. Murong Shuo said: the tiger defends repeatedly with Le'an City, and there is no equipment in the north and south of Ji City. If you take a strange road by surprise, you can break it. Then he led the troops to Juyong Pass, arrived at Jicheng, broke through wusuijin, entered Gaoyang, and returned.

In the sixth year of Yonghe (350), Murong Junshi, Murong Ba and his soldiers were 20000, leaving tuhe from the East Road and Juyongguan from the west road. From the middle of the story comes the name of lulongsai. In the 10th year of the Taiyuan Dynasty (385), Murong Chui returned to Yan, sent Murong farmers out of Juyong Pass, Lifan City, Qulong City, and begged Yu Yan, the rebel general, to be more strict than Lingzhi. In the 21st year of the Taiyuan Dynasty (396), tuobatao attacked Houyan on a large scale and sent his generals Fengzhen to attack Youzhou from Juyongguan.

In the early years of Xiaochang in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Du Luozhou rebelled against Shanggu and surrounded Yanzhou. From lulongsai to Juyongguan, the governor of Youzhou, Chang Jing and the governor, Yuan Tan, set up soldiers to guard against danger. Tan chutun lives in Yongguan. Chang Jing's envoy did not invite Cui Zhongzhe to pass Juyong. When the war was over, Juyong was defeated. In the seventh year of Tianbao (556) of the Northern Qi Dynasty, Gao Yang traveled north to dasherling, where the Great Wall would be built. The Great Wall was built by the people and connected with Juyong.

In the early years of Huichang in Tang Dynasty (841), Youzhou army was in chaos, and Zhang Zhongwu, a military envoy, attacked it. Wu Zhongshu, an army official, made a statement in the capital. Li Deyu and Zhong Shu said: all the grain in Youzhou is in Guizhou and the seven towns in the north. If they can't get in, they will be cut off according to Juyong Pass, and Youzhou will be trapped. In the second year of Jingfu (893), General Liu rengong of Youzhou garrisoned Weizhou and led his troops to attack Youzhou. He was defeated by Juyong and went to Hedong. In the first year of qianning (894), Li Ke attacked Youzhou, bawuzhou, Xinzhou and Guizhou. Li Kuang prepared to send troops to save, out of Juyong Pass, defeated by Keyong, so Youzhou entered Hedong.

In the third year of Liang Qianhua in the Five Dynasties (913), Liu Shouguang occupied Youzhou. Li Cunxu, the king of Jin, attacked it. He conquered Beikou, and Hu Linggui, the envoy of Yan Juyong, went to Jin.

In the fourth year of Xuanhe (1123) of Song Dynasty, Jin people sought Yanjing, while Liao people defended Juyong with strong troops. When the Jin army was at the top of the pass, the cliff stones collapsed and the garrison soldiers were crushed to death. Jin people go south and enter Yanjing. In the second year of Jiading (1209), the Mongols attacked the gold until Gubeikou. The golden soldiers are in mediocrity and are not allowed to enter. The Mongolians, such as liuketebocha, refused to defend, but they went to the Zijingguan pass and to the Zhuozhou and Yizhou. Turn from Nankou to attack Juyong and break it. Go out of the north entrance and join the army of ketebucha. Jiading four years (1211), Mongolia Kejin mountain, you Bing to Juyong Guan, guard general abandoned Guan Dun, Mongolian soldiers conquer. You Yi went down to the capital city, attacked the herdsmen and drove his horse back.

In the first year of Zhihe (1328), the master of Yuan Dynasty died in Shangdu. Most of them stayed in Pingzhang, where Yan tiemu'er, a political official, set up an army to welcome king tutimer of Huai to Jiangling, sent his younger brother Sadun to guard Juyong Pass, and in the Tang Dynasty, he was in charge of Gubeikou. Even then, the kings of the upper capital attacked Juyong Pass and marched to Dakou. In the early days of the calendar, the imperial edict of Juyong Guan built a solid stone base and ordered Ding Zhuang to guard it. In the twenty fourth year of Zhizheng reign, he sent troops to commit the crime, and he also entered the state of mediocrity.

The existing Guancheng was built in the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1368 AD). It was planned and founded by General Xu Da and Deputy General Chang Yuchun. It was renovated in the early years of Jingtai in the Ming Dynasty (1450-1454 AD) and later. The city wall reaches the Cuiping ridge in the East and the Golden Cabinet peak in the west, with a perimeter of more than 4000 meters. The North-South moon city, the city tower, the enemy tower and other supporting facilities are complete. Inside and outside Guancheng, there are government offices, temples, Confucianism and other related architectural facilities.

The stone gate built by the pass is like a platform, and the ladder shaped garden road is under it. There is a lot of red tape in carving. There are two reliefs of the four heavenly kings in mendao, as well as scriptures and incantations of various ethnic groups. It is said that the original three pagodas are no longer in existence. They are the best of Chinese architecture.

After the end of Qing Dynasty, the buildings of Juyong Pass were gradually abandoned, but the magnificent pass and many historical sites opened a window for people to understand the ancient Chinese military culture.

As early as 1961, Yuntai, located in Guannei, was announced as one of the first national scenic spots by the State Council; in 1987, it was listed as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO. Among them, there are about 170 ancient poems, nearly 13000 words. There are nearly 20 stone tablets in Juyongguan, of which 14 are relatively intact.

Main attractions

Yuntai

In the center of Juyongguan, there is a "street crossing tower" base, named "Yuntai", which means "the distant view is like the cloud".

Yuntai was founded in the second to fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1342-1345). It is made of white marble. It is 9.5 meters high, 25.21 meters wide from east to West on the top, 12.9 meters long from north to south, and 26.84 meters wide from east to West on the bottom. It is 15.57 meters long from north to south, small in the top and large in the bottom, with a rectangular plane. The stone railings, watchposts, balustrades and dripping taps around the top of the platform all maintain the artistic style of the Yuan Dynasty. There is a door opening in the center of the platform, through which people, cars and horses can pass. Yuntai is a large stone sculpture of the Yuan Dynasty.

There were three white Lama pagodas on Yuntai, but they were destroyed in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. After that, "Tai'an Temple" was built on the base of the platform. In 1702, the temple was burned and only Yuntai was left. The plinth on the top of the platform is a relic of the Tai'an temple in the Ming Dynasty.

Quancheng and Nanbei pass

Nanguan urn is shaped like a horseshoe. The main gate of Nanguan goes north and south, and there is a Xieshan tower with double eaves. It is 31.8 meters high from the ground. On the west side of the urn, there is a gate leading to the south of the gate. On the arc-shaped urn platform, there is a fort, displaying the ancient lamps of Ming Dynasty. There are crenels on the outer wall and no crenels on the inner wall. During the battle, the enemy can be lured into the urn. The main city is closed and the gate of the urn is put. The enemy will be trapped in the urn and can only be captured. It means "catching turtles in the Urn". Therefore, the name of the urn is Wengcheng. In the urn, there is a Guanwang temple that blesses Guancheng.

The function of Beiguan is the same as that of Nanguan. There is a fort on the rectangular urn. The gate of the urn faces to the north. In the North urn, there is a Zhenwu temple, the northern Guardian God. In the temple, there are twelve zodiac gods, water and fire.

Ancient cannon

On the walls of Juyongguan's Nanquan city and Beiquan City, five ancient cannons are displayed respectively. Two "iron guns of the general" are displayed in Nanquan City, with a length of 1.7 meters and a muzzle diameter of 8 cm. "Bamboo iron cannon" 3. It is 1.7m long and 15cm in caliber. There are two "iron guns of the general" on display in Beiquan City, 1.77m long and 1.79M long, with a muzzle diameter of 7cm. "Bamboo iron cannon" 3. Its length is 1.08M, 1.5m and 1.7m, and its muzzle caliber is 14cm and 8cm.

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Chinese PinYin : Ju Yong Guan