Nanjing Tulou

Nanjing Tulou refers to the Tulou in the mountainous areas of Nanjing, Hua'an, Pinghe, Zhao'an, Yunxiao, Zhangpu and other counties in Zhangzhou city. It is famous for its long history, large quantity, large scale, strange shape and unique style, and is known as "mythical Mountain Architecture". The main material of Nanjing earth building is raw soil, which is made by repeated pounding and ramming. It is generally three to five stories high. The first floor is the kitchen, the second floor is the warehouse, and the third floor is the living room. It can live for 200 to 700 people. It has the characteristics of living together, anti-theft, anti shock, anti animal, fire prevention, moisture-proof, ventilation and lighting, warm in winter and cool in summer.

Nanjing Tulou

Nanjing Tulou, also known as Fujian Tulou, owns Fujian Nanjing Tulou National Forest Park,

The earth buildings in Nanjing are all over the mountainous areas of Nanjing, Hua'an, Pinghe, Zhao'an, Yunxiao, Zhangpu and other counties in Zhangzhou city. They are famous for their long history, large quantity, large scale, strange shape and unique style. They are known as "mythical mountain buildings".

Most of Nanjing is located in Shuyang, Meilin and Kuiyang, which are three mountainous towns adjacent to the west of Fujian Province.

As far as the county is concerned, Shuyang town has the most Tulou distribution. There are 92 ancient Tulou in the town, accounting for 41% of the county's ancient Tulou. By 1990, there were 1428 households and more than 8000 people living in the ancient earth buildings built before Daoguang in Qing Dynasty. More than 50 ancient earth buildings have been abandoned.

Fujian Tulou originated in the Song Dynasty, matured gradually in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and has continued to this day. Fujian Tulou is a unique large-scale rammed earth residential building in mountainous areas in the world. It is located on the mountain with reasonable layout. It absorbs the "geomantic omen" concept of traditional Chinese architectural planning, adapts to the living and defense requirements of people living together, and skillfully uses the narrow flat land in the mountains and the local raw soil, wood, pebbles and other building materials. It is a self-contained system with the characteristics of economy, firmness, flexibility and flexibility It is a high-rise building model with strong defensive and aesthetic features. Fujian Tulou is made of clay, glutinous rice, brown sugar, bamboo and water. The Tulou is warm in winter and cool in summer. It has strong anti typhoon and anti earthquake ability. It was the shooting site of the third station of "where to go, Dad, season 3" on Hunan Satellite TV, and the shooting site of the public service advertisement "dream into hometown" on CCTV Spring Festival Gala

.

In February 2020, to pay tribute to the medical workers who are struggling in the front line of anti epidemic, the tickets for medical workers in China will be free within one year after the end of the epidemic.

Honor of scenic spots

In July 2008, Fujian Tulou was officially listed in the World Heritage List

In 2010, it was listed as a national 4A scenic spot, and in 2011, Fujian Tulou · Nanjing scenic spot won another award and was successfully promoted to national 5A.

Structural features

The earth building is mainly made of raw soil, mixed with lime, fine sand, glutinous rice, brown sugar, bamboo slices, wooden strips, etc. it is made by repeatedly kneading, pounding and ramming. It has the characteristics of living together, anti-theft, shockproof, animal proof, fireproof, moisture-proof, ventilation and lighting, warm in winter and cool in summer. The earth building is generally three to five stories high. The first floor is the kitchen, the second floor is the warehouse, and the third floor is the living room, which can accommodate 200 to 700 people. Tulou originated from the barracks, castles and shanzhais when Chen Yuanguang opened Zhangzhou in the Tang Dynasty. It is the product of the special social environment of "foreign invaders coming in and out and internal strife among thieves" in Southern Fujian since the Tang Dynasty. Zhangzhou has the largest number of Tulou. World heritages include: Huaiyuan building, hegui building, tianluokeng Tulou group and hekeng Tulou group.

Construction history

Qiyunlou in shajian town of Hua'an County was built in 1371, the fourth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty. It has been more than 620 years. The largest scale: there are five large-scale earth buildings with a diameter of more than 70 meters. The largest one is "zaitianlou" in guanpo township of Zhao'an County, with a diameter of 94.5 meters. It is known as "super earth building". Its structure is the most strange: it has the shapes of circle, square, ellipse, half moon, Jiaoyi, umbrella, windmill, Bagua, etc. it has its own characteristics and leads the way. In particular, the earth building group in tianluokeng of Shuyang township of Nanjing County is composed of four parts

One square, one ellipse, three circles and five earth buildings are combined, which is magnificent and shocking.

There are thousands of Tulou in Nanjing, which can be called "Tulou kingdom". These earth buildings are of different sizes and shapes. In addition to the common round and square shapes, they are also oval, Wufeng, douyue, fan-shaped, Jiaoyi, Quchi, Bagua, apron, tower, Hezi, convex, front and back round, sleeve, umbrella, square and round combination, horseshoe and so on. They also have the largest, tallest, oldest and most peculiar earth buildings and Wei It is a spectacular and beautiful group of earth buildings.

evaluate

Japanese architect Kiichiro MaoMu praised it as "a flying saucer falling from the sky and a mushroom growing on the ground". Stevens Anley, a consultant of UNESCO, said it was a unique and mythical mountain architectural model in the world. "Neville Agnew, an American expert who made a preliminary investigation on the application of Tulou as a world cultural heritage, believed that" what I saw was in harmony with the surrounding environment. " Luo Zhewen, head of the expert group on the protection of ancient buildings and director of the Bureau of cultural relics of China, commented that "it seems to be the same, but in fact it is not stick to the same pattern and has its own characteristics" and "it is a wonderful flower in the history of world architecture". Lu Bingjie, Professor of Tongji University of Shanghai, led the teachers and students to complete the atlas of the yuanzhai in Nanjing, Fujian Province, and said: "if you don't see the Tulou group in tianluokeng, Nanjing, you don't really see Tulou 。”

Four experts have evaluated the history and research value of Tulou

"It's the only mythical mountain village architectural model in the world." ——Stevens Andre (UNESCO consultant)

"This is the first-class earth building in the world", "it's like a black UFO falling from the sky, and it's like a mushroom rising from the ground." ——Kiichiro maumoto (Professor, Tokyo University, Japan)

"This is the Tulou Museum." ——Zheng Xiaoxie (deputy director of the Expert Committee on the protection of China's famous historical and cultural cities)

"Nanjing Tulou is not only very strange in Chinese dwellings, but also unique in the world." ——Lu Bingjie (Professor, Tongji University, Shanghai)

main parameter

Five of the most: a collection of the highest, the largest, the smallest, the most peculiar, the best protected Tulou.

Six functions: living together, education and entertainment, safety and defense, wind and earthquake resistance, fire and moisture resistance, warm in winter and cool in summer.

Seven characteristics: long history, large number, various forms, ingenious structure, large scale, complete functions and rich connotation.

Eight shapes: round, square, oval, arc, fan-shaped, cross chair, square, horseshoe.

The smallest is nine meters: the smallest earth building, Cuizhu building, is only nine meters in diameter.

Ten generations: Nanjing Tulou was born before the 11th century, with a history of more than 1000 years

Main attractions

The tallest earth building -- changjiao and guilou. It was built in 1732, which is more than 200 years ago. It has 5 floors, 21.5 meters high, 28 rooms on each floor and 140 rooms in total. The building has 220 Chinese fir columns of 20 cm diameter and 780 beams of 65 cm diameter. Amazingly, the building was built in the swamp, but there was no pile foundation. It was like a big ship floating on the sea. Although it had been more than 200 years, it still stood tall.

The largest earth building: Shuyang Shunyu building. Built in 1937, the veranda is 86 meters in diameter, with 72 rooms on each floor, 288 rooms on four floors, and 80 rooms in the building, a total of 368 rooms. Back to the mountain and facing the water, it is magnificent and has the reputation of "king of kings".

The smallest earth building -- Nankeng Cuilin building. The inner wall is only 9 meters in diameter, with 36 rooms on three floors.

Meilin Huaiyuan building is the best protected earth building. It was built in 1909, with a diameter of 38 meters and a height of 14.5 meters. Carved beams and painted buildings in the building are paired with couplets, which brings endless aftertaste. In the core position of "Si Shi Shi Shi" is the place where the children of the family study. It's exquisite and elegant, simple and natural. When you are in it, you seem to have the sound of reading. This is a double ring round earth building with the most exquisite construction technology and the best protection.

The most peculiar earth building -- tianluokeng earth building group. It is composed of a square earth building (Buyun building), an Oval Earth Building (Wenchang building) and three round earth buildings (Hechang building, Zhenchang building and Ruiyun building). The layout is reasonable, the density is appropriate, and the arrangement is well arranged. It looks like a blooming plum blossom from a high altitude and the Potala Palace from the foot of the mountain

Tian Luokeng

Tianluokeng Tulou group (four dishes and one soup) is located in tianluokeng village, Shuyang Town, Nanjing County, Zhangzhou city

Therefore, tianluokeng Tulou group belongs to Hakka style, which is composed of five Tulou, including one square, three round and one oval. The square Buyun building in the middle and the round Hechang building on the upper right were built in the first year of Jiaqing (1796), and then Zhenchang building, Ruiyun building and Wenchang building were successively built around them. The five Tulou are arranged randomly according to the mountain situation. Surrounded by the mountains, they look like a plum blossom in full bloom on the earth, or like a flying saucer falling from the sky. They form the unique scenery of human arts and natural environment, which is amazing. They are a wonderful flower in the garden of folk architecture. In May 2001, it was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit, and in July 2008, it was listed as a world cultural heritage.

Yuchang tower

Chinese PinYin : Nan Jing Tu Lou