The site of Hao kiln in Zhongchen

The site of Hao kiln in Zhongchen

Zhongchenhao kiln site is located in zhongchenhao village on the Bank of Panlong River, zouwu Town, Xuecheng District, Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province. It is an ancient porcelain kiln site with coal mines nearby and rich in kaolin, which provides material basis for the development of porcelain industry.

The site of Hao porcelain kiln in Zhongchen is large in area, early in age and long in duration, which is rare in northern China and the first in Shandong Province. The site can be divided into celadon area, white area and black area. In particular, the discovery of Sui Dynasty kilns, known by archaeologists as the first folk kilns in the north, provides very important material materials for the study of the structure of ancient kilns and the firing technology of porcelain in China, and also finds the ownership of many celadon wares unearthed in Zaozhuang area in the past, which has changed the saying of "South Green and North white", thus proving that Zaozhuang area began to burn as early as the northern and Southern Dynasties I made celadon.

In May 2006, it was approved as the Sixth Batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council.

Unearthed porcelain

Over the years, villagers have found thousands of complete porcelains, including utensils used in daily life and toys with vivid and ingenious shapes, while plowing the fields and digging canals. There are three major areas in the ancient porcelain kiln site of Hao in the middle of Chen Dynasty. The celadon area is from the east of Panlonghe village. A large number of blue glazed porcelain pieces and kilns were scattered on both sides of the river bed, extending to the south of North Chenhao and Zhangling villages. There are many kilns in the field, and the soil color is black and red. Ancient porcelain pieces can be seen everywhere on the cultivated soil. There are lots of tiles on the bank, some of which are as high as 3 meters. The fragments of porcelain are mostly green glaze, yellow glaze, sauce glaze and brown glaze. In 1987, the celadon area in the north of the village was excavated. The cultural accumulation is divided into six layers. Each layer has different soil color and relics, which can be divided into four periods. The first period is the late Northern Dynasty; the second period is the Sui Dynasty; the third period is the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties; the fourth period is the Northern Song Dynasty. It can be seen that this site has a long history. According to the excavated cultural relics, they can be divided into three categories: kiln ware, porcelain ware and bronze ware. The kiln furniture mainly consists of three foot support nails, tubular support, irregular support pillars, brackets, saggers, washers, five tooth support, hoof shaped mortise and mortise molds, pad cakes, pad nails and pad plates. There are bowls, head portraits of Hu people, pots, basins and plates, bowls, cups, pan mouth pots, high foot plates, utensil covers, holding pots, water bowls, lamps, Cuan, inkstones, etc. The main bronzes are wuzhuqian of Sui Dynasty, bronze mirrors and bronze coins of Northern Song Dynasty

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This archaeological excavation also found an important relic in the celadon area. There are material pool, kiln, ash pit, etc. The plane of the material pool is rectangular, and the bottom of the pool still contains 3 cm thick porcelain clay. There are two Sui Dynasty kilns with irregular oval plane, which are composed of fire passage, kiln door, fire chamber, ash outlet, central column, kiln bed and chimney. The Sui Dynasty porcelain kiln is rarely found in northern China, and it is the first time in Shandong. This ancient kiln more than 1300 years ago provides very important information for the study of the kiln structure and the firing of porcelain in ancient China. There are four ash pits in the Tang Dynasty, which unearthed a large number of restorable kiln furniture and porcelain.

A large number of porcelains were found in the northern celadon area of Zhongchen Hao kiln site. Their shapes are simple and dignified, and they are mainly practical. The glaze color is green in green, solid and durable. In the past, scholars who studied the development history of porcelain mostly held the view of "Blue Porcelain in the South and white porcelain in the north". They believed that before Sui and Tang Dynasties, blue porcelain was produced in the South and white porcelain in the north. The large quantity of celadon discovered by Chen Hao in the middle of the Tang Dynasty indicates that Zaozhuang began to make celadon before Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Textual research on history

It can be seen from the above that the porcelain burning industry of Zhong Chen Hao was prosperous at that time, the porcelain was sold in all directions, and the land and water transportation was busy day and night. In ancient times, the Panlong River was navigable, which provided convenient conditions for the production and marketing of Hao porcelain in China and Chen Dynasty. Therefore, the porcelain industry has survived for thousands of years. By the middle of Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chenhao had become a giant town for porcelain industry. There were many kilns on both sides of Panlong River, and boats were shuttling through the river. At that time, there was a legend of "nine temples, ten bridges, seventy-two earthenware kilns". If you follow the map, you can start from Xuandi temple in the east of Qingzhang bridge in the center of the village, follow Dongxi street to the East, pass Taishan granny temple and Taishan bridge to Yunsi, then turn to the Northwest for about 400 meters to Yuqing temple. There are dozens of porcelain kilns along the road. To the north of Yuqing temple, there is an ancient bridge named "Yuqiao". If you cross the bridge southward, you can go through yuhuangxinggong, xieyunqiao and Tudi temple, and then turn north to another Tudi temple. There are dozens of porcelain kilns in this section of the road. Finally, he crossed Yiyang bridge and went back to Taishan granny temple. So far, Chen Hao's "nine temples, ten bridges, seventy-two earthenware kilns" have been finished. The site of Hao porcelain kiln in the middle of Chen Dynasty covers a large area, with Zhangqiao in the Qing Dynasty as the center, covering an area of 45 square kilometers. Over the years, the villagers often have complete artifacts unearthed in the farmland and water conservancy infrastructure. According to the glaze color of scattered porcelain pieces and unearthed artifacts, the site can be divided into three areas: celadon area, white area and black area. In the celadon area, a large number of celadon tiles and kilns are scattered on both sides of the river. Some of the tiles on the bank are as thick as 3 meters. Blue glaze is the main glaze, yellow glaze, sauce glaze and brown spot color can be seen from time to time. In 1987, Archaeology Department of Shandong University and Zaozhuang Museum jointly excavated celadon and white porcelain areas. There are six layers of cultural accumulation in Celadon area, which can be divided into four periods according to their ages. The first period is the late Northern Dynasty; the second period is the Sui Dynasty; the third period is the Tang and Five Dynasties; and the fourth period is the Northern Song Dynasty. The excavation found very important sites and relics. The remains include material pool, kiln, ash pit, etc. the material pool is rectangular in plane, and 3 cm thick porcelain clay remains at the bottom of the pool. In Sui Dynasty, there were two kilns with irregular oval plane, which were composed of fire passage, kiln door, fire chamber, ash passage, central column, kiln bed and chimney. There are 4 ash pits in the Tang Dynasty, which unearthed a large number of restorable kiln furniture and porcelain. The kiln furniture mainly includes three branch nails and simple supports. Irregular support, pillar, bracket, sagger, washer, five tooth support, shoe impression, pad cake, pad nail and pad plate, etc. There are bowls, head portraits of Hu people, pots, basins, bowls, cups, pan mouth pots, high foot plates, covers, holding pots, water bowls, lamps, Cuan, inkstones, etc. A large number of porcelains found in the celadon area are mainly practical utensils, which are fired by buttresses. Many utensils have complete Trident buttresses at the bottom or in the center of the bowl. The glaze color is green and green, with full glaze inside and half glaze outside. The bottom foot is exposed, and the real circle foot. The common patterns are waves, grass leaves, squares, nets, semicircles and concentric strings. White porcelain area, located in the south of Hao village, Zhongchen, is mainly distributed in white porcelain, white glazed black porcelain and green colored porcelain, belonging to Cizhou kiln system in the north. From the collected specimens and artifacts unearthed over the years, it can be seen that they are mainly living utensils, such as white glazed black flower beds, white glazed Brown pots, tricolor tiger head pillows, etc. In addition, there are some toys, including characters and animals. The characters are men and women, old and young. Animals include dogs, sheep, horses, deer, turtles, toads, birds, etc. in addition, there are also very vivid animal mating figurines. The ancients wanted to use animal mating figurines to express the people's hope for a bumper agricultural harvest in the coming year and the prosperity of their descendants, so as to create a handy, lively and colorful figurine. The white porcelain area, through archaeological excavation, can be divided into two layers of cultural accumulation, for the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Unearthed relics include a house foundation, a material pool and a kiln in Jin Dynasty. The flat surface of the house foundation is rectangular, north-south, the wall base is made of abandoned pillars and stones, and the ground is paved with a layer of broken porcelain pieces. It may be a workshop for making porcelain at that time. The kiln is east-west and the kiln door is east-west. It is composed of fire passage, kiln door, fire chamber, kiln bed and chimney. There is a half meter thick cinder left at the bottom of the kiln. The unearthed relics mainly include kiln furniture and porcelain. The kiln has bracket, sagger, round support, hoop support, bowl support, plate support, fire lighting, pestle support and so on. There are bowls, pots, basins, plates, drumsticks bottles, bottles, figures, horse figurines, dogs, chess pieces and so on. The black porcelain area is located in the west of Zhongchen Hao village. A large number of black porcelain pieces are scattered on the ground, mainly daily necessities, such as bowls and cans. It pays more attention to practical use. The glaze is uniform and bright, and the glaze color is relatively single. According to the records of Yanzhou Prefecture, Zhongchen Hao black porcelain in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was listed as tribute and transported to Beijing. The large area, early age and long duration of the Hao porcelain kiln site in the middle Chen Dynasty are rare in the north of China, and it is still the first in Shandong Province. In particular, the discovery of Sui Dynasty kilns, known by archaeologists as the first folk kilns in the north, provides very important material materials for the study of the structure of ancient kilns and the firing technology of porcelain in China, and also finds the ownership of many celadon wares unearthed in Zaozhuang area in the past, which has changed the saying of "South Green and North white", thus proving that Zaozhuang area began to burn as early as the northern and Southern Dynasties I made celadon. In addition, the coal cinders found at the bottom of Jin Dynasty kilns in white porcelain area show that Zaozhuang area used coal as fuel to make porcelain more than 800 years ago, and also provide strong evidence for studying the history of coal mining in Zaozhuang. The kiln site was announced as the first batch of municipal key cultural relics protection units by Zaozhuang Municipal People's Government in 1985, the second batch of provincial key cultural relics protection units by Shandong Provincial People's Government in 1991, and the Sixth Batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council in 2006

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Address: zhongchenhao village, zouwu Town, Xuecheng District, Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province

Longitude: 117.425684

Latitude: 34.854915

Chinese PinYin : Zhong Chen Hao Yao Zhi