Bahrain

Bahrain

Kingdom of Bahrain, referred to as Bahrain, is an island country close to the West Bank of the Persian Gulf, and Bahrain is the largest island of Bahrain. Saudi Arabia is located in the west of Bahrain and can be connected by the King Fahd bridge; Iran is located in the north of Bahrain; Qatar peninsula is located in the southeast of the Gulf of Bahrain. The climate belongs to tropical desert climate. In 2010, the total population of Bahrain was 1234571, including 666172 foreigners.

Bahrain is the place where the dilmen civilization flourished. In 628 A.D., Bahrain became one of the first regions to convert to Islam. After a period of Arab rule, Portugal occupied Bahrain in 1521 and was expelled by the Safavid Abbas in 1602. In 1783, the baniuba people seized Bahrain from the qazar Dynasty, and the Al Khalifa family established the Dynasty and ruled until the present age. Ahmed alfata was the first Hakim in Bahrain. In the late 19th century, Bahrain made a contract with Britain and became a protectorate of Britain. In 1971, Bahrain declared its independence as an emirate, and later in 2002, it became a kingdom. Since 2011, inspired by the Arab spring, there has been a continuous protest movement dominated by Shiites in the country.

Bahrain is the first Persian Gulf country to enter the post oil economy. At present, the economy of Bahrain does not rely on oil. Since the late 20th century, Bahrain has invested heavily in banking and tourism. Manama, the capital of the country, is home to large financial institutions at home and abroad. Bahrain has a high human development index (44th in the world) and is also recognized as a high-income economy by the world bank. In 2001, Bahrain became a member of a major non NATO ally. The Fifth Fleet Command of the US Navy was stationed in Manama, monitoring the movement of the Persian Gulf and the open sea at any time.

In December 2017, Bahrain applied to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

On December 5, 2017, the European Union announced that Bahrain was blacklisted as a tax haven.

Historical evolution

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Around 3000 BC, Sumerians settled and built cities.

Phoenicians settled here in 1000 BC and became an important trade center at that time.

Since the 6th century BC, it was occupied by Persian Empire and Sassanian Dynasty of Iran.

It became part of Basra in the 7th century.

In 894, karmat of Bahrain launched an uprising, separated from the Arab Empire and established an independent regime, karmat Republic, which was annexed by the Abbas Dynasty in 1077.

It was occupied by the Portuguese in 1507-1602 (it was actually occupied after the war of Bahrain in 1521, and the Portuguese defeated the Ottoman Empire in the siege of Bahrain in 1559).

It was occupied by the Iranians from 1602 to 1702 and belonged to the Safavid Fars province.

In 1703, the Persians were expelled and independence was declared. In 1820, the British invaded and forced them to sign the Persian Gulf general peace treaty. In 1880 and 1892, Britain forced it to sign political and military treaties and became a protectorate of Britain. In 1933, Britain seized the oil exploitation right of Bahrain.

In November 1957, the British government declared that Bahrain was "an independent emirate under British protection". In March 1971, Britain announced that all treaties signed between Britain and the Persian Gulf Emirates would be terminated at the end of the same year.

On August 14, 1971, Bahrain gained full independence and changed its name to the state of Bahrain.

On February 14, 2002, the emirate of Bahrain was renamed "Kingdom of Bahrain", and the head of state, Emir, was renamed king. The present government is constitutional monarchy. The "State Council" is authorized by the head of state to take charge of the administration. The parliament is composed of 44 members, elected by the cabinet (State Council) members and the people. He is now a member of the Arab League and one of the six member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council established on 26 May 1982. He claimed to be neutral and joined the organization of non aligned countries.

natural environment

Regional location

Bahrain is an island country in the southwest of the Persian Gulf. It is between Qatar and Saudi Arabia, 24 km from the east coast of Saudi Arabia and 28 km from the west coast of Qatar, covering an area of 767 square kilometers.

topographic features

Bahrain and other 36 islands of different sizes. The biggest is Bahrain. The terrain of the islands is low and flat. The terrain of the main island gradually rises from the coast to the interior, with the highest point at 135 meters above sea level.

Climatic characteristics

Bahrain has a tropical desert climate, hot and humid in summer, with an average temperature of 35 ℃ from July to September. Winter is mild and pleasant, and the temperature is between 15 ℃ and 24 ℃ from November to April. The annual average precipitation is 77mm.

administrative division

Administrative district

Bahrain is divided into five provinces, namely capital Province, muharrak Province, northern province, central province and southern province.

capital

With an area of 30 square kilometers, Manama is the capital of Bahrain, the largest city in China, and the national economic, transportation, trade and cultural center. At the same time, it is also an important financial center, important port and trade transfer station in the Gulf region, enjoying the reputation of "Pearl of the Persian Gulf". Located in the middle of the Persian Gulf, the northeast corner of Bahrain. The climate is mild and the scenery is beautiful. It is mild and pleasant from November to March every year, and less rain from June to September. It is a hot summer. It has a population of 260000, accounting for nearly one third of the total population of Bahrain.

National symbol

national flag

The Bahraini flag is a horizontal rectangle with a length to width ratio of about 5:3. The flag surface is composed of red and white. The side near the flagpole is white, accounting for about 1 / 5 of the flag surface. The right side is red, and the joint of red and white is serrated.

national emblem

The center of the national emblem of Bahrain is a Dunwei painted with a national flag, surrounded by red and white colorful decorative leaves. There was once a crown on the top of the national emblem, which symbolized the authority of the royal family, but it has been cancelled.

Population nationality

In 2012, about 60% of the residents were Arabs, 75% - 80% of the residents lived in cities, and 51% were foreigners. They are mainly from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Philippines and Oman.

Politics

regime

Bahrain is a dual monarchy. The head of state is inherited by the Khalifa family and holds political, economic and military power. On March 6, 1999, the old Emir Issa of Bahrain died of a heart attack. Crown prince Hamad succeeded the new Emir. After the new Emir succeeded, he paid attention to maintaining the coherence of internal and external policies, and the regime achieved a smooth transition. On February 14, 2002, the state of Bahrain was renamed the kingdom of Bahrain. In 2006, the political situation in Bahrain remained stable and the economy continued to develop. In February 2011, affected by the sudden change of political situation in some countries in West Asia and North Africa, a large-scale anti-government protest broke out in Bahrain, demanding the king to dissolve the government, improve people's livelihood and promote democracy. At the request of the Bahraini government, GCC troops stationed in Bahrain to help maintain order. Since 2012, the domestic situation in Bahrain has gradually returned to stability, but small-scale demonstrations have occurred from time to time. In February 2013, Bahrain announced the resumption of a new round of national reconciliation dialogue, which was attended by various political factions including the opposition.

constitution

After independence, the first constitution was promulgated on June 2, 1973 and came into force in December of the same year. In November 2000, Emir Hamad issued an edict to establish the national Supreme Committee for the formulation of the national charter, which is responsible for the formulation of the national charter. In February 2001, Bahrain held a national vote and adopted the Charter of national action with a support rate of 98.4%. On February 14, 2002, the new constitution was promulgated, which changed the national system to the Royal system, revised the national flag, determined the new national anthem, changed the name of Emir to King, dissolved the consultative parliament, established a bicameral parliament, strengthened judicial independence, and implemented the separation of powers.

parliament

In 1970, a 12 member Advisory State Council was formed to take charge of internal and foreign affairs. The constituent assembly was elected in 1972. The national assembly was established in 1973 and then dissolved. After the current king succeeded, he decided to restore parliamentary democracy. According to the provisions of the new constitution of Bahrain, in October 2002, a bicameral national assembly was established in Bahrain. The consultative meeting is composed of 40 members appointed by the king; the house of Representatives is composed of 40 directly elected members, and the speaker is elected by members. The term of office of members of both houses is four years, and they can be re elected upon expiration. All draft laws passed by the national assembly need to be submitted to the king for approval. The current parliament was formed in November 2010. Khalifa bin Ahmed al dhahrani, speaker of the house of Representatives; Ali Saleh bin Abdullah al Saleh, chairman of the Consultative Conference.

In August 2012, Bahrain amended its constitution to further expand the power of the house of representatives in the national assembly, including the right of the house of representatives to veto the list of cabinet formation proposed by the prime minister and to impose restrictions on the Deputy Prime Minister and cabinet ministers

Chinese PinYin : Ba Lin