Hengshan Mountain

Hengshan, also known as Nanyue, is one of the five mountains in China. It is located in Nanyue District, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, with an altitude of 1300.2 meters. Hengshan has been famous all over the world since ancient times for its magnificent natural scenery and the coexistence of Buddhism and Taoism. Hengshan is full of luxuriant forests and bamboos, green all the year round; exotic flowers and plants, fragrant all the time, the natural scenery is very beautiful, so it is also known as "Nanyue unique show". Wei Yuan, a man of Qing Dynasty, praised: "Hengshan is like walking, Daishan is like sitting, Huashan is like standing, Songshan is like lying, only Nanyue is like flying." Hengshan, a famous mountain in China, is characterized by the coexistence of Buddhism and Taoism. In the history of Chinese Buddhism and Taoism, Hengshan Buddhism and Taoism in Nanyue play an important role and have great influence in Japan, Southeast Asia and even the world. The Longevity Culture of Nanyue Hengshan has a long history. The historical records of the past dynasties often refer to it as "the mountain of comparing longevity" and "the mountain of dominating longevity".

Hengshan

synonym

Nanyue Hengshan generally refers to Hengshan (National Natural and cultural heritage, national 5A scenic spot)

Mount Heng, also known as Nanyue, Shouyue and Nanshan, is one of the "Five Mountains" in China. It is located in the southeast of central Hunan Province, stretching between Hengyang and Xiangtan basins. Its main part is located in Nanyue District, Hengshan County and the east of Hengyang County. Hengshan was named according to the records of Gan Shi Xing Jing in the Warring States period. Because it is located in the wing of the star of the constellation 28 constellations, it is called Hengshan because it is like a weighing instrument and can be called heaven and earth.

Hengshan is a famous Taoist and Buddhist holy land in China, surrounded by more than 200 temples, temples, nunneries and temples. Hengshan is a place where the emperors of Tang Yao and Yu Shun visited Xinjiang to hunt and sacrifice for the country and the Xia Yu sacrificed horses to heaven and earth for flood control. The mountain god of Hengshan is Zhu Rong, the God of fire worshipped by the people. He was appointed by the Yellow Emperor to guard Hengshan, teach the people to use fire and cultivate all things. After his death, he was buried in CHIDI peak of Hengshan, and was honored as the holy emperor of Nanyue. Taoism "thirty six caves, seventy-two blessed places", four are located in Hengshan, Buddha Sakyamuni two real body relic hidden in Hengshan Nantai Temple Vajra relic tower.

The main peaks of Hengshan Mountain are Huiyan peak, zhurong peak, zigai peak and Yuelu Mountain. The highest peak is zhurong peak, which is 1300.2 meters above sea level. The main part of Hengshan mountain lies between 27 ° 4 ′ - 27 ° 20 ′ N and 112 ° 34 ′ - 112 ° 44 ′ e, with northeast southwest trend. It starts from futianpu township of Hengshan County in the north, ends at Zhangmu township of Hengyang County in the south, starts from Jiepai Town of Hengyang County in the West and ends at Nanyue District of Hengyang City in the East, with a total area of 640 square kilometers.

In 1982, Hengshan scenic spot was listed in the first batch of national key scenic spots; in February 2006, Hengshan was listed in the first batch of national natural and cultural heritage list; in May 2007, Hengshan scenic spot was rated as the first batch of national 5A scenic spots; in August 2007, Hengshan was listed as National Nature Reserve.

physical geography

Regional scope

The main part of Hengshan Mountain is located in the southeast of Hunan Province, China, starting from futianpu township of Hengshan County in the north, Zhangmu township of Hengyang County in the south, Jiepai Town of Hengyang County in the West and Nanyue District of Hengyang City in the East, with a total area of 640 square kilometers, ranging from 27 ° 4 ′ - 27 ° 20 ′ n to 112 ° 34 ′ - 112 ° 44 ′ E; Hengyang Basin in the South and Xiangzhong basin in the East.

Geological characteristics

Mountain composition

Hengshan is based on a large granite. Due to the erosion and strong erosion of the surface sediments, the granite is exposed in a large area. There are pegmatite granites interspersed in the rocks, and there are many quartz dikes, which vary greatly in width, up to 40 cm in width. These dikes accelerate the weathering of granite. There are a lot of quartz sand grains in the overlying red soil of bedrock, which proves that it is derived from granite weathering. The rocks surrounding the granite are divided into three types: Silurian Ordovician purple shale and gravelly quartzite, Devonian sandstone and shale, and Tertiary red sandstone and shale. The gravel quartzite is the hardest and the purple shale is the softest in nature, showing different terrains in the same period. Due to the relationship between weather and climate, water, wind, heat and other weathering, erosion, forming a unique landscape of modern Hengshan.

The northeast part of Hengshan pluton is porphyry monzogranite intruded for the first time, and the southwest part is baishifeng mica granite intruded for the second time. The former is distributed in the east of Nanyue town zhurong peak line, with an outcropping area of 217 square kilometers and an isotopic age of 123.187 million years. According to its lithology, rock structure and exposed position, it can be divided into two lithologic zones: gneissic porphyritic monzogranite, porphyritic hornblende biotite monzogranite and a small amount of porphyritic biotite granite in zhurongfeng area. The latter is distributed in the west of Wangfeng baishifeng, with an outcropping area of 233 square kilometers and an isotopic age of 80.121 million years. The east side of the rock body is in intrusive contact with the porphyry monzonitic granite body with a clear contact surface and an dip angle of 25 ° to 80 ° and the South and west sides of the rock body are in contact with the LENGJIAXI group, forming a migmatite belt. The rock mass can be divided into two parts, the main part of the two mica granite, the edge part of the migmatite, the rock is dark gray, gray, gray white, with flake, gneissic structure, producing potassium feldspar, albite, kaolin.

Mountain evolution

The ancient topography of Hengshan is inseparable from the development of the whole Hunan Province. From the Silurian and Ordovician to the end of Jurassic, the eastern part of Hunan is the ancient Cathaysian continent, the western and northern part is the ancient Jiangnan continent, and the central and southern part is a large bay. The sea water intrudes into Hunan through Guangxi and reaches Changsha to the north. The sea water in the Bay advances and retreats from time to time, and from time to time it is deep and shallow. Hengshan is on the road of advancing and retreating sea water.

After Jurassic, the bay of Hunan became a land with the rise of the whole Asian continent, so far it has not been invaded by the sea. In the process of Hengshan from sea to land, the process of terrain development is also very complex. Before Cambrian, the topography of Hengshan is unknown because there is no stratigraphic record.

During the Cambrian period, Mr. Huang Jiqing believed that it was a part of the "Cambrian sea". Of course, it was not land, let alone now. It was still the sea in Silurian and Ordovician. The sea water intruded from the southwest to Changsha through Hengyang, Hengshan and Xiangtan. At that time, Hengshan was a part of the sea bottom. The sedimentary rocks in the sea include purple shale and gravelly quartzite. Part of the modern Hengshan formation also relies on these rocks. At the end of the Silurian, Hunan Province was affected by the crustal movement in Min'an, kalido, and the Silurian sea was exposed to erosion. In the early Middle Devonian, part of the surface of Hengshan and Hunan had been eroded into gentle lowlands.

During the Middle Devonian, the sea intruded from the Himalayas, and the sea surface was very wide. Hengshan sank into the sea floor, and the sedimentary rocks were mainly sandstone and shale. This kind of rock is still preserved in the northeast of Hengshan Mountain, which has become a hill with an altitude of 300-400 meters. In the lower Carboniferous, the sea water intruded into the southwest but was shallow, and some sandstones and shales were deposited. At that time, there were ups and downs, and sometimes there were plum blossoms, and there were forests, which became the present lateral water coal measures. There are still some reserves near Hengshan.

At the end of Carboniferous and the beginning of Permian, the sea water deepened and Hengshan was located on the edge of deep sea. The rocks deposited at that time still exist near Hengshan, but they are not found in the area. After the Middle Permian, the East Lake movement occurred in Hunan Province, which resulted in the formation of land and sea in the Permian, and the Hengshan Mountain was exposed to the surface for erosion. Because Hengshan was at the edge of the deep sea at that time, the limestone deposition was small and easy to eliminate.

After the erosion in the Middle Permian, the xiangziershui River Basin became shallow sea, and Hengshan Mountain was often submerged by sea water. Then the ground rose slowly, resulting in the vast coastal plain, Hengshan became a part. There are many forests on the plain. It is the present Jiling coal measure. It is also found near Hengshan. The plain is also often submerged by the sea. At the end of Triassic, the orogenic Liangkou movement took place in Hunan Province, and the Triassic sea became a continent again, which was eroded greatly.

Jurassic is a period of earth shaking in Hunan Province. With the rise of the whole Asia (the first act of Yanshan movement), Hengshan site was no longer eroded by the sea water, which was a basic change. The whole terrain of Hunan changed from northeast higher than southwest to southwest higher than northeast, and orogeny occurred, resulting in many mountains and basins. However, at that time, Hengshan was still a basin with forests inside and outside, which became the Shimen coal series.

At the end of Cretaceous, orogeny resumed (the second act), and Hengshan granite probably intruded in this period. Today, this part is the main body of Hengshan Mountain, with a wide exposed area, covering an area of about 15000 square kilometers, reaching Sanqiao in the north, wushipu in the south, Shenwang mountain in the West and Chaling border in the East. This intrusive body caused great disturbance to the strata before the end of Baikui period, and the ground uplifted and became the Yulong mountain. This is the predecessor of Hengshan. At that time, it straddled both sides of the Xiangjiang River (the Xiangjiang River did not exist at that time), with a wide area and powerful mountains. From the end of the Cretaceous to the beginning of the tertiary, the mountain had been eroded into a peneplain, and the site declined slightly, becoming a large inland lake. The red rock series of the early Tertiary period was deposited in this lake. In the early days, Hengshan disappeared, but it did not exist

Chinese PinYin : Nan Yue Heng Shan