Heilongjiang national museum

Heilongjiang Provincial Museum of nationalities, founded in 1985, is based on the Confucian temple in Harbin. China's first provincial professional Ethnic Museum aims to collect, study and display the Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, Korean, Hezhe, Oroqen, Ewenki, Daur, Xibe and Kirgiz nationalities in our province. These ethnic fish skin culture, birch skin culture, Shaman culture and so on, have strong national characteristics, unique and charming. The exhibition mainly introduces the cultural relics of Manchu, Mongolian, Ewenki, Oroqen, Hezhe, Korean, Daur and Xibe in production tools, daily utensils, culture, religion and social life.

Heilongjiang national museum

Heilongjiang Provincial Museum of nationalities, founded in 1985, is based on the Confucian temple in Harbin. China's first provincial professional Ethnic Museum aims to collect, study and display the Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, Korean, Hezhe, Oroqen, Ewenki, Daur, Xibe and Kirgiz nationalities in our province.

Development history

These ethnic fish skin culture, birch skin culture, Shaman culture and so on, have strong national characteristics, unique and charming. The exhibition mainly introduces the cultural relics of Manchu, Mongolian, Ewenki, Oroqen, Hezhe, Korean, Daur and Xibe in production tools, daily utensils, culture, religion and social life.

Heilongjiang Provincial Museum of Nationalities (Harbin Confucian Temple) is located in Nangang District of Harbin city. Based on Harbin Confucian temple, it was officially opened to the public in 1988 after maintenance.

architectural composition

Harbin Confucian temple is an antique building complex with three entrance courtyard, covering an area of 23000 square meters and a building area of 5674 square meters. The whole Confucian temple takes Dacheng hall as the center and forms a central axis from north to south. From the southern Yingbi wall to the north, it passes panchi, Panqiao, lingxingmen, dachengmen, dachengdian, and finally ends at chongshengci. The East and West archways, two verandahs, Yemen and steles are symmetrically located on both sides of the central axis, on which the main building of the Confucian temple is located.

The whole structure is a north-south three entrance courtyard, which is a typical architectural style of Qing Dynasty. The front yard is the first one to enter the courtyard. The pines and cypresses in the courtyard are green and the red walls are winding. The central courtyard is the main body of the Confucian temple. The main hall, Dacheng hall, surpasses the standard of Dacheng Hall of Qufu Confucian temple, which has a width of 9 rooms. It is a double eaves hall with 11 rooms (9 halls and 2 rooms). Inside the hall for Confucius and four with God, twelve sages tablets. There are two side halls on both sides of the main hall, which provide memorial tablets for Confucius' disciples. The front yard is the first one to enter the courtyard. The pines and cypresses in the courtyard are green and the red walls are winding. In the south of the pool, there are "Wanbian palace walls" (commonly known as Yingbi walls), inlaid with glazed carved bricks, 44.80 meters long and 5.9 meters high. In the north of the pool, there is a Lingxing gate. It is a wooden square with three rooms and four columns. It adopts the cauldron painting that can only be used by royal architecture. The top of the tiger hall is covered with yellow glazed tiles. There is a archway on the East and west sides of the courtyard, which is called "the third floor" together with Lingxing gate. Inside the hall for Confucius and four with God, twelve sages tablets. There are two side halls on both sides of the main hall, which provide memorial tablets for Confucius' disciples. In the southeast corner of the courtyard, there is a Tuo tablet, which is written by the famous patriotic general Zhang Xueliang. A stone tablet in the northwest corner. The back yard is a seven room Chongsheng Temple with a single eaves on the top of the mountain. It was originally used for Confucius' ancestors in the first five dynasties, but later it was changed into a Book hall with side halls in the East and West. In 1985, Heilongjiang Provincial Museum of nationalities was established here. Now the main buildings have been repaired and opened to the outside world.

Exhibition hall 1

The first exhibition hall displays Hezhe and Oroqen.

Hezhe nationality is one of the ethnic groups with the least population in China. In history, there were some names such as heijie, heizhen, Hezhe and Nanai. They mainly live in the three river basins (Songhua River, Heilongjiang River and Wusuli River). Hezhen people used this geographical advantage to create a unique fish hunting culture. Hezhen people mainly engaged in fishing and hunting. In history, they were called "fish skin Department" and "fish skin country" because they played fish, ate fish and wore fish skin. The production tools on display here mainly include boat, net, hook and fork.

Before cloth was introduced to Hezhe people, their clothing, shoes, decorations and most daily necessities were made of fish skin and animals. Here are fish skin clothes, fish skin trousers, fish skin leggings and so on. Fish skin clothing is wear-resistant, strong, light and warm, so for a long time, it has been loved by Hezhe people and become a major feature of Hezhe's material life. However, there are not many people who can use fish skin to process clothing. Hezhen's fish skin clothing has long been replaced by products.

In the history of northern minorities, birch bark was used to make various production tools and daily necessities. Birch bark has the advantages of flexibility, lightness, rich in oil, impermeability and incorruptibility. In addition, it is also very easy to draw materials from birch trees in Northeast China. Birch hat, birch box, birch deer whistle and birch cradle are displayed here. The patterns of birch products are also very distinctive.

Hezhen had no words, but he created a rich and colorful oral literature. Here is the epic imakan. Most of the content of imakan is to praise the hero and revenge the rise and fall of the nation. As well as pure love, this kind of writing style is to say a paragraph, sing a paragraph, with distinct national style. The Oroqen people lived and multiplied on both sides of Heilongjiang and Xiaoxing'an Mountains for generations. They mainly hunted and lived a life of hunting wild animals and migrating indefinitely. They did not settle down until 1953.

Oroqen people are famous for their bravery and toughness. For a long time, I have relied on a horse, a gun and a hound to hunt in the mountains all the year round. While hunting, while living, this is a hunting tool, spear, hunting knife, Bela bullet, etc. These are the daily necessities for hunting, such as birch bowl, bone chopsticks, hanging pot, etc. Birch products play an important role in the life of Oroqen. These are birch bottles, pots, lous, bowls, etc. used in Oroqen. Their patterns are mainly made of bone embossing devices. After pressing out the patterns, they are painted with colors. They are very exquisite and not the same as other nationalities. This is the cradle used by the Oroqen people. Its bottom is 45 degrees in shape. When it is used, it can be hung on a tree and tied on the back of a horse. Children are very comfortable in the cradle and can avoid the harm of wild animals. The two birch bark boats were the water vehicles of Hezhen and Oroqen people, and also the production tools of fishing. They were made of birch bark as the main raw material. It is easy to float, not easy to rot, light and convenient. As the hull is very light, it is easy to capsize. It is also known locally as "the ghost of death".

Exhibition hall 2

The second exhibition hall displays the Korean and Xibo ethnic groups.

The Korean nationality is one of the most populous nationalities in China. There are 400000 people in our province, which are distributed all over the province. Since freedom, the Korean people like to wear white clothes, so the Korean people are also known as "white skin people" and "white compatriots". Here are white coats, white trousers and white hook shoes.

The Korean nationality is a nationality with high cultural level. Among the minority nationalities in our province, only the Korean nationality has its own national language newspaper Heilongjiang news · Korean Edition. These are publications such as Songhua River and Yinhe published in Korean.

The Korean nationality has a long history and splendid culture. Its population is distributed in 30 provinces and autonomous regions in China. Xibo nationality ranks the third in our province. Since ancient times, Xibo nationality has the custom of ancestor worship. The female ancestor worshipped is "mother Xili". Mother Xili is not only the female ancestor who protects the whole family's happiness and the safety of future generations, but also a way for ancient Xibo ancestors to record their lineage, just like a genealogy book recording the family's reproduction What's the matter. The male ancestor worshipped is "helkamafa", which is regarded as the protection god of livestock, indicating that livestock are prolific.

Exhibition hall 3

The third exhibition hall displays four nationalities: Ewenki, Manchu, Mongolian and Daur.

Ewenki are mainly distributed in seven banners of Inner Mongolia and Nehe County of our province. Due to their scattered residence and many ethnic appellations, they were collectively referred to as "Ewenki" in 1957, which means "people living in the mountains and forests".

Hunting is one of the main production methods of Ewenki. The hunting tools on display here mainly include guns, hunting knives, deer whistle and Russian gun.

In the early days, Ewenki people's clothing was made of animal skin, such as leather clothes. This is a man's summer hunting suit. This is a woman's suit, a leather suit and a leather boot. This is a four red hat. These clothes are also better handicrafts.

This is a shaman suit reflecting religious belief. Before liberation, most of the ethnic minorities in the North believed in Shamanism, which is a primitive religion. They believed that all things have spirit and the soul is immortal, which is translated into "Wizard" in Chinese. In Tungusic, "crazy man.". This is due to the low productivity at that time, can not explain the concept of natural phenomena. Here are shaman clothes, drums and drumsticks.

Snowboarding is an indispensable means of transportation for northern minorities to hunt and chase wild animals in winter. If you walk for three days, you can get there on the same day. In the past, Ewenki has been hunting in the mountains and forests, living in the "cuoluozi", which is called "xianrenzhu" or "xierenzhu" by the people. The hometown of Manchu is in Heilongjiang River Basin, and its origin can be traced back to Sushen of Zhu Qin and yilou, Wuji, Nuzhen and so on. In the long historical process, it has formed a unique Manchu culture. Manchu costumes have distinctive characteristics

Chinese PinYin : Hei Long Jiang Sheng Min Zu Bo Wu Guan