Xumi Fushou Temple

Xumi Fushou temple is located on the south slope of Shizigou in the north of Chengde summer resort. In 1780, the sixth Panchen Lama of Tibet traveled more than 20000 Li to Chengde to celebrate the 70th birthday of Emperor Qianlong. Emperor Qianlong attached great importance to it. In order to ceremoniously welcome the sixth Panchen Lama, the temple of Xumi Fushou was built for the sixth Panchen Lama to lecture and live in. Therefore, this temple is also called "Panchen Lama Palace". "Xumishan", the Tibetan name "zhahui", is an auspicious place for Jie to live in; "Fushou", the Tibetan name "Lunbu". Xumi Fushou means to live as long as the auspicious Xumi mountain.

From the south to the north, there are some main buildings in the temple, such as mountain gate, stele Pavilion, Liuli paijiu, dahongtai, jinhetang, wandezongyuan hall, Liuli Wanshou tower, etc., which are arranged symmetrically along an obvious central axis. The overall architectural style of the temple is Tibetan style, and the detailed decoration is full of Han architectural color, which is very special.

Xumi Fushou Temple

Xumifushou temple, also known as the "Panchen Palace", was built by Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty to welcome the sixth Panchen in Tibet to celebrate the 70th anniversary of Emperor Qianlong. It is located on the south slope of Shizigou in the north of Chengde Mountain Resort in Hebei Province, and on the east side of the temple of riding in Putuo. It was built in the 45th year of Qianlong (1780).

Xumi Fushou Temple faces south, covering an area of 37920 square meters. It is mainly of Tibetan architecture. Its architectural techniques and layout are obviously characteristic of Han style temple architecture. The main buildings are symmetrically distributed along the central axis.

On March 4, 1961, Xumi Fushou temple was announced as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council of the people's Republic of China

. In December 1994, Chengde summer resort and its surrounding temples, including Xumi Fushou temple, were listed as world heritage sites by UNESCO.

Historical evolution

Xumi Fushou temple was built in 1780, the 45th year of Qianlong reign of Qing Dynasty. It was built in the shape of tashilumbu temple, the home of Banchan, to welcome the sixth Panchen Lama in Tibet to pay homage to the 70th anniversary of Qianlong emperor. Considering that Rehe (now Chengde) and Beijing are hotter than Tibet and are the sixth Panchen summer resort, Emperor Qianlong planned to build the temple of Xumi Fushou in Rehe; build the temple of Zongjing Dazhao in jingyiyuan (now Xiangshan Park) of Xiangshan in Beijing as the summer residence of Panchen and Xihuang temple in Beijing as the winter residence of Panchen. Xumi Fushou temple is different from Zongjing Dazhao temple. The white platform of Xumi Fushou temple is behind and the red platform is in front. The layout of Xumi Fushou temple is similar to zhashlunbu temple in Xigaze, Tibet. The layout of Zongjing Dazhao temple is white platform in front and red platform in back.

After the sixth Panchen Lama arrived in Rehe, Emperor Qianlong held a welcome ceremony for him at the summer resort and visited the sixth Panchen Lama in Xumi Fushou temple. The sixth Panchen Lama presented 40 gifts to Emperor Qianlong and a diary on the way. The diary recorded that the sixth Panchen Lama prayed for the emperor's longevity at every stop on the way. Emperor Qianlong presented a picture of himself in cassock to the sixth Panchen Lama, and held a Dharma meeting in Miaogo Hall of Xumi Fushou temple. He asked the sixth Panchen Lama to give lectures and Zhang Jiaguo to translate.

Architectural features

layout

The biggest feature of the layout of Xumi Fushou temple is that the dahongtai of the main building is not arranged freely with the mountain like Putuo Zongcheng temple. Instead, it is in the middle of the whole temple. Therefore, through the mountain gate, stele Pavilion and glazed archway, the huge Hongtai is directly in the eye. After dahongtai, there are the golden hall and Wanfa Zongyuan hall in the shape of mouth. Finally, on the top of the steep mountain, there are octagonal seven story yellow green glass pagodas, which make a perfect ending for the whole temple. The Miaogo hall in dahongtai is three stories high. The double eaves and the golden roof float on the platform. Each ridge of dagger eaves has two golden dragons looking up and looking down. The dragon's body clings to the ridge of the hall with four claws, supporting its strong body. Its brave shape is rare in other places, and also highlights the magnificent and solemn momentum of dahongtai. The hall is a square plan with seven rooms wide. The interior pattern is in the shape of Hui. From the first to the third floors in the center, it is in the shape of an empty tube. There are three Buddha statues on each floor. There are cloisters around it. The appearance is closed and the inner court is open.

characteristic

Xumi Fushou temple is the last of the eight outer temples. It is also the only one. The three-dimensional building is located in the middle of the temple. The rational use of the terrain not only maintains the basic characteristics of zhashlunbu, but also makes the three-dimensional outline of the temple significantly different from the adjacent Puning Temple and Putuo Zongcheng temple. Secondly, the imperial stele in the stele Pavilion is the only stele in the eight outer temples, which shows the uniqueness of the temple and the importance of Qianlong to the sixth Panchen Lama. In this way, the character of the temple is more intense, and the whole Waiba temple is more colorful. In a word, the temple uses the ups and downs of the terrain and the height of the mountains to configure the corresponding buildings. It reproduces the famous Tibetan buildings in Chengde with the same shape, which is a successful example of group combination. Chinese and Tibetan architectural techniques are easy to use, reflecting the cultural exchanges among different ethnic groups in China, which has made unprecedented achievements in the field of architecture.

Architectural form

The architecture of Xumi Fushou temple has its own unique architectural form. 1、 It is based on the Central Plains area to build Buddhist temples, which are arranged symmetrically in depth according to the central axis, with several courtyards built in front and back, maintaining the pattern of traditional palaces of the Han nationality; second, it follows the traditional symmetrical layout, and at the same time, according to the ups and downs of the terrain, it breaks the rigidity of the traditional layout; third, the overall layout of the temple is based on the traditional layout of the Han nationality Fourth, the planting of rocks and plants as a means to make up for the lack of architectural layout.

The architectural style of the temple not only has the majestic shape of Tibetan architecture, but also has the decorative techniques of Han architecture. It is a typical building combining Han and Tibetan, but compared with other combined Han and Tibetan architecture, it has its own characteristics and unique artistic value.

Main buildings

overview

Xumi Fushou Temple faces south, covering an area of 37920 square meters. It is mainly of Tibetan architecture. Its architectural techniques and layout are obviously characteristic of Han style temple architecture. The buildings are symmetrically distributed along the central axis.

Shanmen

There are three arches in the mountain gate, on which there is a gate tower and a plaque inscribed "Xumi Fushou" by Emperor Qianlong.

Stele Pavilion

The pavilion is located in the north of the mountain gate. There are arches on all sides of the pavilion, and inside it is the stele of Xumi Fushou Temple erected in 1780. The head of the stele is made of a whole stone, with cloud dragon patterns on both sides and around; the base of the stele is a giant stone carved into a turtle, with waves patterns on the lower cornerstone, and fish, shrimp, crab, turtle and other animals on the four corners. Among all the decorations of the summer resort and Waiba temple, the shape and specification of this monument is the highest. North of the pavilion, the terrain gradually rises, with three irregular stone steps.

Glazed archway

The glazed archway is Han style with three rooms, four columns and seven floors. Its wings and horns are flying up and its brackets are stacked. The Qianlong imperial plaque inscribed with four kinds of Manchu, Han and Mongolian characters "always holding Buddha's realm" is hung on the glazed archway. It is the symbol of the overall architectural style transformation and the boundary of hierarchy of the temple.

Dahongtai

Dahongtai is located in the north of Liuli archway. It is the main building of Xumi Fushou temple. The top is flat, with square bricks; each corner has a veranda hall, the top is covered with glazed tiles; on the ridge there are kissing animals, the two halls in the north are deer, and the two halls in the south are peacocks. Each hall is three rooms wide and three rooms deep, in which the statue of Vajra Buddha is worshipped. The interior of dahongtai is surrounded by podium buildings with three floors. The podium is accessible from the South Gate on the first floor. The podium is a wooden structure building, with more than 400 rooms inside. In the east of the first floor, there are four seated statues of heavenly kings, eighteen Arhats, naroba, the founder of Tibetan Buddhism, and huiluoba. In the southeast corner of the second floor, there is an octagonal three-story turret with dragon and phoenix patterns carved on it. In the east of the third floor, there are seven golden and lacquer carved mandarines, each with a Buddha statue in the center and four doors.

Miaogao solemn Hall

Miaogao hall is located in the center of the courtyard surrounded by dahongtai podium. The third floor, with seven rooms wide, is the place where the sixth Panchen preached. There are three floors running through, double eaves with sharp roofs, copper-clad gilt fish scale tiles, four ridges decorated with two bronze gilt dragons, a total of eight dragons, each weighing about 1 ton. It is said that the top of the hall shared more than 11500 liang of red gold. On the first floor, the statue of Zong Kaba, the founder of Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism, is placed in the center of the hall. On the north side, the statue of Sakyamuni is placed. On the east side, the throne used by the sixth Panchen Lama is placed. The second layer is dedicated to Sakyamuni, Ananda, Kaya and the eighteen Arhats. The third floor is the turret where Emperor Qianlong prayed for longevity.

Wanhua Zhongyuan

Wanhua Zhongyuan, a Tibetan courtyard, is located behind miaogao solemn hall, which is composed of Jinhe hall and Wanfa Zongyuan hall. The courtyard is convex in shape and white in appearance.

Wanfa Zongyuan hall is located in the north of the courtyard, with nine rooms in width and three rooms in depth. Yellow glazed tiles and green scissors are on the top of the mountain. In front of the hall is the atrium, with a deep veranda on both sides. In the south, there are three rooms in the middle and two rooms in the south. They are called "Jinhe hall". The front room has a single floor and the back two floors have flat roofs.

Glass longevity tower

Glaze

Chinese PinYin : Xu Mi Fu Shou Zhi Miao