Guanting Lake

Guanting lake is the first large-scale reservoir built after the founding of the people's Republic of China. It has beautiful mountains and waters, floating light shining gold, still shadow sinking wall, rippling blue waves, sky light up and down, beautiful scenery and abundant resources. It is known as the "Pearl beyond the Great Wall". Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, Deng Xiaoping and other great men of a generation have all visited here. Guo Moruo, a literary giant, left behind a hymn of "three feet of fish in Guanting reservoir, green on both sides of lake and mountain in jiaku reservoir". Guanting lake is located in the upper reaches of Yongding River. It is 77 kilometers away from the center of Beijing in the southeast and 80 kilometers away from Zhangjiakou in the northwest. Its surface area is 225 square kilometers, 567 times that of the summer palace. There are small islands such as Yueliang island and woniu mountain in the lake. There are ganjiatan, xiaoqiying beach, Rongchen vineyard and so on. To Guanting lake, you can go sightseeing, swimming, boating, fishing, fishing, dragon boat, speedboat, parachute jumping, etc.

Guanting Reservoir

synonym

Guanting Lake generally refers to Guanting reservoir

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

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Guanting reservoir is the oldest large reservoir on Yongding River of Haihe River system and the first large reservoir established after the founding of new China. The reservoir is located in the northwest of Beijing. The whole basin covers Qiaodong, Qiaoxi, Xuanhua and Xiahuayuan districts of Zhangjiakou City, and eight counties including Huailai, Xuanhua, Yuxian, Yangyuan, Zhuolu, Huai'an, Wanquan and Chongli, as well as Yanqing County of Beijing. The main part of the reservoir area spans Huailai County, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province and Yanqing County, Beijing City, with a very special geographical location.

The drainage area of Guanting reservoir is 47000 square kilometers, and its main tributaries are Yanghe River, Sanggan River and Guishui River. The area of Yongding River is about 43400 square kilometers, accounting for 92.3% of the whole drainage area.

Guanting reservoir was started in October 1951 and completed in May 1954;

Yongding River in Huailai, Hebei Province is the main water flow. The reservoir has played a great role in flood control, irrigation and power generation for more than 40 years. Guanting reservoir used to be one of the main water supply sources in Beijing. In the late 1980s, the water in the reservoir area was seriously polluted. In the 1990s, the water quality continued to deteriorate. In 1997, the reservoir was forced to withdraw from the urban drinking water system.

Reservoir details

Guanting reservoir is the first large-scale reservoir built after the founding of new China. There are Sanggan River, Yang River and Guishui River in the upper reaches. Among them, Sanggan River and Yang River are called Yongding River when they meet in Huailai County, Hebei Province. Yongding River is the mother river of Beijing. It is also known as Wuding River and Xiaohuanghe River in history. Once the Yongding River breaks out, the capital will not be protected, and Tianjin and Hebei will be able to stabilize the country. According to historical records, in more than 800 years before the founding of new China, the Yongding river burst, overflowed and diverted 149 times.

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the party and the government took the construction of water conservancy as the great cause of governing the country and securing the nation, and built a number of water conservancy projects. In order to ensure the safety of the capital, the management of Yongding River has become the top priority, and Guanting reservoir is the key project to eradicate the Yongding River. The Guanting reservoir project started in October 1951, stopped the flood in 1953 and completed in May 1954. In April 1954, Chairman Mao Zedong personally visited the reservoir construction site. In addition, Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, Deng Xiaoping, Chen Yun and other party and state leaders also visited Guanting reservoir. During the operation of the reservoir, the spillway deepening, the temporary heightening of the dam crest, the seismic reinforcement of the dam, the widening of the spillway and the heightening of the dam were carried out. In 1989, the reinforcement project was completed. From 2001 to 2003, the spillway tunnel was reconstructed and a new gate shaft was built. The experience and data of Guanting reservoir project construction and management are used for reference by many later projects and included in the specifications.

Guanting reservoir dam is located at the entrance of Guanting gorge about 80 km northwest of Beijing. The drainage area controlled by the dam site is 43400 square kilometers, accounting for 92.3% of Yongding River drainage area. So far, Guanting reservoir has impounded 8 floods with peak discharge of more than 1000 cubic meters per second, reducing the flood peak by 70.3% to 100%, basically eliminating the threat of Yongding River flood to the downstream area. In addition, Guanting reservoir has played a significant role in water supply, power generation and irrigation. By the end of 2019, Guanting reservoir has supplied 41.6 billion cubic meters of water to Beijing, Hebei and Tianjin, generated 8.6 billion kilowatt hours of electricity and impounded 650 million cubic meters of sediment, playing a role in the sustainable development and construction of society, economy and ecology.

Guanting reservoir is one of the main water supply sources in Beijing. In order to ensure and improve the water supply capacity of the reservoir, inter basin water replenishment was implemented in Beijing from 1984 to 2002, from Baihebao reservoir to Guanting reservoir. Since 2003, the Ministry of water resources has organized the implementation of centralized water transfer from the upstream reservoirs of Guanting Reservoir in Shanxi Province and Hebei Province. In 2019, the ecological water transfer from the Yellow River to Guanting reservoir will be realized for the first time.

Although Guanting reservoir has passed 65 years, it is still magnificent and will play an unlimited role in the flood control, comprehensive management and ecological restoration of Yongding River.

Planning and design

The planning of Guanting reservoir was first seen in In 1933, the North China Water Conservancy Commission published the "Yongding River root cause treatment plan", which suggested that soil and water conservation should be widely carried out in the upper reaches of the basin. In the middle reaches of the basin, the water potential can be controlled by building shixiali reservoir, Guanting reservoir and taizimeu reservoir. The river levees in the lower reaches of the basin can also be controlled by flood after regulation and dredging. Before the war of resistance against Japan, hydraulic simulation experiment was started. According to the design plan of Guanting Reservoir put forward by North China Water Conservancy Commission, concrete gravity dam should be built, with the total storage capacity of 460 million cubic meters, the maximum design water level of 469 meters and the maximum peak discharge of 8000 cubic meters per second. After the victory of the Anti Japanese War, the North China Water Conservancy Bureau set up the Guanting reservoir engineering office to be responsible for the planning of Guanting reservoir.

In 1941, the General Administration of construction in the period of Japanese puppet government put forward a design plan for Guanting reservoir (Yongding River comprehensive water conservancy development plan), which was the same as the Yongding River fundamental treatment plan in 1933 in dam type selection, and both advocated the use of concrete gravity dam. The designed storage capacity is large, reaching 850 million cubic meters. The maximum peak discharge in the plan can reach 9300 cubic meters per second. After the liberation of North China in 1949, the people's government began to eradicate the Yongding River. At the same time, it put forward a new idea of governance, that is, to change the negative idea of disaster prevention and reduction into the idea of comprehensive utilization of water resources. Under the guidance of this idea, the North China Water Conservancy Engineering Bureau has drawn up the draft of the development plan for harnessing the Yongding River and the river basin, and initially proposed to build the Guanting Reservoir in the middle reaches to retain the flood water. In the draft, a part of the sand storage capacity is reserved for the Guanting reservoir. In addition, shixiali reservoir and shanxiajian reservoir are planned in the draft to assist Guanting reservoir to retain flood water and make up for its deficiency in storage capacity (mainly sand storage capacity). In the plan, the water and soil conservation work in the basin will be vigorously carried out, and the shixiali reservoir will be built in a short period of time, so that the Guanting reservoir can be maintained for a long time.

After the founding of new China, the newly established Ministry of water resources held the National Joint Conference on water conservancy in the liberated areas in November 1949. At the conference, it was decided to actively harness the Yongding River and build the Guanting reservoir. Half a year later, the Yongdinghe Guanting Reservoir Engineering Office (affiliated to the North China Water Conservancy Engineering Bureau in Tianjin) compiled and reported the "summary report on the comparison plan of Yongdinghe flood storage reservoir project". Based on the consideration of various aspects, the report has drawn up three kinds of storage capacity planning schemes: large, medium and small. In the same year, the finance and Economics Committee of the people's government decided to adopt the medium reservoir scheme after summarizing the opinions of all parties, with the designed maximum water level not exceeding 483m.

As mentioned above, in the period of the Republic of China and the Japanese puppet regime, due to the lack of geological exploration technology, the geological structure of Guanting area could not be accurately grasped, and the concrete gravity dam was determined based on the superior terrain (narrow valley). After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the relevant departments carried out large-scale and detailed exploration in this area, and found that the dam site area belongs to "limestone zone with staggered faults and developed joints, and the riverbed cover layer is more than 20 meters deep". At the beginning of 1950, the Department of geology of Peking University sent people to Guanting to investigate and make a 1 / 2000 geological map. In March of the same year, the Engineering Geology Team of the geology and Mineral Resources Investigation Corps of the finance and Economics Committee of the Chinese Academy of government (later changed to the central geological work Steering Committee, later changed to the Ministry of Geology) came to the government hall for investigation. By January 1951, the investigation was completed, and in March, the first phase investigation report of engineering geology for the hydropower project of flood control reservoir in the middle reaches of Yongding River was completed. In April 1951, the engineering geological team visited Guanting for the second time. The investigation was completed in October, and the second phase investigation report on engineering geology of Guanting reservoir dam site on Yongding River was submitted in June 1952.

According to the preliminary exploration results, the Ministry of water resources began to discuss the dam type scheme in 1951. The concrete gravity dam, arch dam, hollow dam, rockfill dam and earth dam are compared and analyzed. The analysis shows that although the concrete gravity dam is more suitable for the terrain of the area, it has higher geological requirements and is difficult to construct

Chinese PinYin : Guan Ting Hu