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Mount Ni in Qufu is the birthplace of Confucius. It is adjacent to Yihe River in the East. There are Confucius Temple, Mount Ni temple in Qufu and mount Ni Academy in Qufu. The Confucius Temple in Nishan was built in Zhou Xiande after five dynasties. It is a memorial building built in the birthplace of Confucius.

There are 27 halls, halls, gates, pavilions and other buildings with 81 rooms, which are divided into East, middle and west areas. Behind the temple is Nishan Academy. The Confucius Temple and the Confucius Academy in Nishan were repaired by several generations of Confucius' wise grandchildren. Compared with the Confucius temple built by feudal dynasties to sacrifice Confucius, it has a more simple home style. Its posture is "low-key". The Confucius cave is shrouded in mystery. The unique cultural connotation of the scenic spot is formed by the cultural background of the Confucius Academy.

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Nishan, the birthplace of Confucius. Located in the southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province, at the junction of Sishui county and Zoucheng City, most of them belong to Nishan town of Qufu City. It was originally named nichushan. Because Confucius' parents "prayed to nichushan for Confucius", Confucius was named as Zhongni, and later generations avoided Confucius and called it Nishan.

Geographically, it belongs to the northwest end of the neishan mountain range in the southern part of Mengshan mountain. There are 5 relatively high peaks, with the main peak at an altitude of 344.6 meters. The mountain is distributed in an ellipse from northeast to southwest.

According to the records of the historian, Confucius' parents "prayed for Confucius from nichu", so mount Nishan is famous far and wide. Here, at the east foot of Zhongfeng, there are Confucius Temple, Nishan academy and other buildings; there are also five old peaks, Zhiyuan forest, Zhiyuan stream, Kunling cave, Guanchuan Pavilion, Zhonghe gully, Wendelin, Baiyun cave and other so-called "eight scenes of Nishan". It has a long history.

In 2010, Nishan provincial cultural tourism resort was established. In 2011, the Confucius Temple scenic spot in Nishan was successfully established as a national 4A scenic spot. Nishan is also a National Forest Park and a provincial Geopark in Shandong Province.

The origin of the name

Nishan, formerly known as nichushan, is recorded by historian Sima Qian in historical records: Confucius' mother Yan "prayed to nichushan for Confucius". Because Confucius was born in Niqiu mountain, his family two brothers, ranked second, so his father named him konqiu, the word Zhongni, later because of the establishment of Confucianism and was later known as "Confucius", "Confucius sage". In order to avoid the name of Confucius, the word "Qiu" in the name of Confucius is abbreviated as Nishan.

Location context

Nishan is located at the junction of Qu, Si and Zou, 25 km southeast of Qufu City (30 km from Yishuo) and 26.5 km northeast of Zoucheng City (north of songjiashantou), with Yihe River in the East and Nishan reservoir in the south.

There are 23 big and small mountain tops, 5 main peaks, five peaks in a row. The main peak is 344.6 meters above sea level, which is proud to be one of them, so it has the name of the five old peaks of Nishan. The mountain is distributed in an ellipse from northeast to southwest. It is about 4 km long from northeast to southwest and 1.8 km wide from northwest to Southeast, covering an area of about 7.2 square kilometers.

Geology and geomorphology

In the tectonic position, the Nishan area is located in the northwest of the Luxi fault uplift of the Sino Korean paraplatform, and the Nishan uplift on the Heze Nishan uplift. The strata outcrop is not continuous, the fault structure is developed (Nishan fault), and the magmatism is weak.

Nishan uplift: large scale and high uplift. The biotite granulite of shancaoyu formation in Taishan Group is exposed in a large area, and intruded by Archaean plagiogranite (2.5 billion years old). The schistosity trend is northwest, and Cambrian and Ordovician limestone are distributed in the northern margin.

Nishan fault: the territory is the northwest end of Nishan fault, which is partly covered by quaternary system. From the vicinity of wuliangzhuang in Fangshan Township, it extends out of the country through Tumen in the South and East. The strike angle is 300 ° and the dip angle is about 70 ℃. The high angle normal fault rises in the southeast and falls in the northwest. The activity time is from Archean to Mesozoic (2.5-70 million years).

In terms of landform, Nishan is a rocky mountain, which is distributed on the top of low hills and higher parts. The natural vegetation coverage is less than 60% (including trees, grasses, etc.), and the bare Rocky Mountains are the main ones. It is suitable for afforestation and exploitation of building stones. It belongs to the margin of the northern and western part of Mengshan mountain.

In the middle and lower part of Nishan mountain, under the mountain slope, there is a slope landform with gentle terrain and developed slope sediments. It can grow sweet potato, corn, peanut and other crops. In the valley between the valleys of the Nishan mountains, the proluvial matter is developed, which is suitable for planting wheat, corn, sweet potato, peanut and other crops. Under the mountain area of Nishan, there are alluvial deposits near the high terrace.

Climate and vegetation

climate

Nishan area has a warm temperate monsoon climate with four distinct seasons and abundant rainfall. It has the climate characteristics of more drought in spring, more rain in summer (sometimes summer drought), more drought in autumn and less snow in winter. The altitude of the territory is mostly 0.55-100 meters, and the climate difference is generally small. In spring (March to May), under the control of the denatured polar continental air mass, the temperature rises rapidly and changes violently, with strong southwest wind and few precipitation, which often leads to spring drought. In summer (June to August), under the control of the summer monsoon blowing from the sea to the mainland, the temperature is high temperature, high humidity, hot and rainy, with occasional drought. In autumn (September to November), with the reestablishment and control of the high pressure in the Mongolian continent, the temperature drops sharply, the atmosphere is stable, and the weather is high and crisp in autumn. The precipitation is significantly reduced, often forming a drought in autumn, which affects the timely sowing of wheat. In winter (December to February), due to the control of the winter wind blowing from the continent to the sea, the weather is dry and cold, and there is little rain and snow.

soil

There are brown soil (Maya sandy soil, crisp stone shed soil) distributed in the top part of the mountain and hill of Nishan, most of which are abandoned, and a few of which are used for forest, resulting in severe soil and water loss; ordinary brown soil and albic brown soil are distributed on hillsides or terraces, mostly terraces, which are used for both forestry and agriculture, resulting in serious soil and water loss; tidal brown soil is distributed in piedmont plain, valley, small basin and other low and flat places, with deep soil layer, high fertility and suitable for cultivation Most of them are cultivated as medium and high yield farmland.

The top and steep slope of the hill are distributed with cinnamon soil (gravel soil and cinder soil), the soil layer is very thin, most of them are abandoned, some of them are used for forest, and the soil erosion is severe; the common cinnamon soil, leaching cinnamon soil and calcareous cinnamon soil are distributed in the middle and lower part of the hillside, the soil layer is thin, easy to drought, low fertility, agriculture and forestry, and the erosion is serious; the tidal cinnamon soil is mainly distributed in the middle piedmont alluvial plain, the terrain is flat, and the soil erosion is serious Deep, moderate texture, high fertility, suitable for cultivation, is the main grain and cotton high-yield area.

vegetation

Nishan is located in the warm temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest region, which is rich in tree species resources. Forest is the main vegetation in low mountain and hilly area, and the main tree species are pine, cypress, Robinia pseudoacacia, Melia azedarach, Quercus acutissima, etc. Arbors are mainly Platycladus orientalis and Robinia pseudoacacia, shrubs are mainly Amorpha fruticosa and Zizyphus jujuba. Most of the natural grasses are annual weeds, mainly including yellow grass, bermudagrass and white grass. There are fruit grain intercropping of jujube, persimmon and other economic tree species on the ridge of terrace. The average total forest coverage is 17%.

natural resources

The wild botanical medicinal materials in Nishan area: Ganoderma lucidum, ergot, Equisetum, Equisetum (sarcandra), Taurus, Pyrrosia chinensis, cortex mori, Aristolochia (qingmuxiang), Rhizoma Polygoni, purple ginseng, Portulaca oleracea, Qu Mai, Wang buliuxing, Pulsatilla chinensis, clematis, shanxuanhu, scorpion grass, Potentilla discolor, Sanguisorba officinalis, Pueraria lobata, Sophora flavescens, Tribulus terrestris, Polygala tenuifolia, Amaranthus, cat's eye , Dijin, Zaoren, bupleurum, Cnidium monnieri, Fangfeng, forsythia, dodder, motherwort, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Rana, mint, medlar, Shengdi, Plantago, Trichosanthes, Platycodon grandiflorum, Adenophora Armeniaca, Artemisia annua, Artemisia argyi, Artemisia scoparia, Artemisia argyi, Herba Artemisiae Scopariae Scopariae, artichoke, Taraxacum mongolicum, Xanthium sibiricum, shelter grass, Maogen, Lugen, Xiangfu, Pinellia ternata, Xiebai, Shandan, Ophiopogon japonicus, polygonatum odoratum, Dioscorea opposita, iris, etc. Most of them are distributed in low mountains and hills.

Mineral resources: Nishan inkstone is distributed in the limestone intercalation of Lower Cambrian Changshan formation in the eastern part of Yanshan Valley and Luyuan. It is generally yellow green calcareous shale, and the top grade inkstone is orange yellow with black stone pine pattern. It is not suitable for large-scale mining because it is a thin and discontinuous interlayer. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, it has been used to make inkstones, but now it is still the stone of Nishan inkstone.

Forest and historic forest: it is distributed in Confucius Temple, Confucius forest, Mencius forest, Confucius Temple and Yan temple, with 3348 mu of forest land, more than 100000 trees including Platycladus orientalis, juniper, kaishu, Quercus acutissima, Quercus and Sophora japonica, among which more than 17000 ancient and famous trees are more than 100 years old. The timber volume is 513000 cubic meters.

Nishan forest farm has more than 10 mu nursery, with an annual output of 400000-500000 Platycladus orientalis Seedlings.

Nishan mountain belongs to Sihe tributary Xiaoyi river system. Xiaoyi river is the largest tributary of Sihe river. It originates from miaoziling in front of Zou County and flows to the northwest, with a total length of 58 kilometers and a drainage area of 647 square kilometers. It passes through Nishan town in Qufu, the south of Sizhang and shengshuiyu townships in Sishui County, receives the streams of Nishan, flows into Nishan reservoir and joins into Sihe River at Hetou village in Qufu. The drop of the whole river is 135m, and the average gradient is 2.3 ‰, which is larger than that of the main river. Due to the support of the tailwater of Nishan reservoir and the decrease of sediment discharge capacity, the riverbed in Sishui county has been raised. Beiye village is more than 1 meter lower than the riverbed, and nearly 5000 mu of land along the coast has been submerged by sand.

Nishan reservoir (also known as Kongzi Lake): it is a national large reservoir, located at the foot of Nishan in the southeast of Qufu, on the main stream of Xiaoyi river. Construction began at the end of November 1958. It was completed in 1960. The total length of the dam is 1805 meters, and the length of the main channel is 400 meters. It is a sand shell dam with a wide clay core wall, and the rest of the dam is covered with sand

Chinese PinYin : Ni Shan