Dashanbao black necked Crane Nature Reserve

The best travel time of Dashanbao is autumn and winter. From the beginning of August to the beginning of October, the flowers, oats and grass on the mountain are piled up in pieces, and the color is colorful, which makes the desolate mountain package a paradise like dream world. Dashanbao at this time can be called a photographer's paradise. You can often see professional photographers carrying equipment to choose scenery everywhere. In addition, Northern Yunnan is the largest habitat of black necked cranes in the world. Black necked cranes can also be seen in winter in Dashanbao.

Dashanbao black necked Crane National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province

synonym

Dashanbao black necked Crane nature reserve generally refers to Yunnan Dashanbao black necked Crane National Nature Reserve

Dashanbao black necked Crane National Nature Reserve is located in Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province, with an altitude of 3000-3200 meters and a total area of 3150 hectares. It is the reserve with the largest number of black necked cranes per unit area in China. The main protected object of Dashanbao black necked Crane National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province is the subalpine swampy plateau meadow wet ecosystem where the black necked Crane overwinters. Dashanbao wetland in Yunnan Province was listed in the list of international important wetlands in 2005.

Historical evolution

In 1990, the people's Government of Zhaotong City approved the establishment of Dashanbao black necked Crane nature reserve.

In 1994, it was upgraded to a provincial nature reserve with the approval of Yunnan Provincial People's government, and was listed in Dashanbao township government, with the establishment of a reserve management office and a police station.

In 2003, it was promoted to a national nature reserve with the approval of the State Council.

Dashanbao wetland in Yunnan Province was listed in the list of international important wetlands in 2005.

geographical environment

position

Dashanbao black necked Crane National Nature Reserve is located in Dashanbao Township in the northeast of Yunnan Province and the west of Zhaoyang District, Zhaotong City. Its geographical coordinates are 103 ° 14 ′ 55 ″ - 103 ° 23 ′ 49 ″ E and 27 ° 18 ′ 38 ″ - 27 ° 29 ′ 15 ″ n.

climate

Dashanbao wetland is a warm temperate plateau monsoon climate, cold in winter and cool in summer. The annual average temperature is 6.2 ℃, the average temperature in January is - 1 ℃, the average temperature in July is 12.7 ℃, and the effective accumulated temperature of 10 ℃ is 798 ℃. The sunshine is long and the annual sunshine hours are 2200-2300 hours. The average annual frost free period is 134 days, and the shortest year is only 84 days, so the plant growth period is short.

landforms

Dashanbao wetland is located in the main peak of wulianfeng mountain in Northeast Yunnan, which belongs to the high mountain of tectonic erosion. The whole mountain is composed of Upper Paleozoic Permian limestone, basalt and Mesozoic sandstone. At the beginning of the tertiary, it was a part of the peneplain. After the crustal uplift, Jinsha River and its tributaries, Hengjiang River and Niulanjiang River, were strongly cut to form a high and middle mountain landform. However, the top of the mountain is a relatively gentle residual plateau.

hydrology

Tiaodun River, the main river in Dashanbao wetland in Yunnan, flows westward into Niulan River; Dahaizi river is one of the headwaters of Daguan River; dayadonggou river flows westward into Longshu River in Ludian County. In Dashanbao wetland of Yunnan, there are many wetland distribution points, but the concentrated wetlands with large area are mainly in tiaodun River, Dahaizi, lelizhai, qinjiahaizi, yanmaidi reservoir, etc. Among them, tiaodun River and Dahaizi have the largest area and a considerable area of water body. The area and range of wetland change with the seasonal variation of water level. In winter, the water level drops and the area of shallow water increases, so it is a good place for black necked Crane to sleep at night. On the hillside, there is a small area of wetland with spring development, ranging from more than 10 square meters to dozens of square meters. It is an important place for cranes to move in the daytime. Among them, tiaodunhe reservoir has a catchment area of 17.7 square kilometers, a storage area of 3.375 square kilometers and a reservoir capacity of 1236 square kilometers The discharge in December is 0.2 m3 / s, the discharge in July is 15.1 m3 / s, and the water depth is about 6.5 M. the shallow water area at the edge of the reservoir is large, and there are large marshes around it, which is one of the main wintering habitats for black necked cranes. The catchment area of Dahaizi reservoir is about 3.5 square kilometers, the average water depth is about 2.5 meters, and the water storage area is 0.8 square kilometers. Due to the low water level of the reservoir, the shallow water area of the reservoir and the surrounding wetland area are large, which makes it the most concentrated area for black necked Crane to live in winter; the area and water storage area of lelizhai and yanmaili reservoirs are small, but the meadow around the reservoir is also one of the habitats for black necked Crane. The water quality in Dashanbao wetland is excellent, with water temperature of 6.0 ℃ and pH of 8.2. There is no industrial and agricultural production and domestic sewage pollution. It can be used for human and livestock drinking, reaching the national class I water standard. Due to the regulation of groundwater, the water depth of Dashanbao wetland is between 0.8 m and 3 m throughout the year. It is never dry all the year round and the water level is relatively constant.

soil

The area of Dashanbao wetland is dominated by subalpine meadow soil and brown soil, and the yellow brown soil is mainly distributed in the areas with dense forest plants and low altitude. The main soil types of Dashanbao wetland are peat soil and swamp soil. The content of organic matter is rich, with an average of 20%, the total nitrogen content is about 2%, and the soil pH value is 8.2, but the content of available nutrients is low.

natural resources

Animal resources

There are 68 species belonging to 28 families in Dashanbao wetland, including 10 species belonging to 4 families of mammals, 52 species belonging to 18 families of birds, 5 species belonging to 3 families of fishes, 3 species belonging to 2 families of reptiles and 3 species belonging to 3 families of amphibians. The number of black necked cranes wintering in Dashanbao wetland has increased from 300 at the beginning of 1990 to 1131 in 2005, and one white tailed sea eagle has been recorded as a first-class national protected animal. Among them, 862 adult cranes, 269 sub adult cranes and young cranes wintered in Dashanbao for 176-202 days a year.

plant resources

Dashanbao wetland belongs to pan Arctic flora, China Himalayan flora, Yunnan Plateau and central Yunnan Plateau. There are 186 species of vascular plants belonging to 140 genera and 56 families in Dashanbao wetland. Among them, there are 11 species of ferns, 10 genera and 9 families, 175 species of seed plants, 130 genera and 47 families. There are 20 species belonging to 19 genera of Gramineae, 18 species belonging to 12 genera of Rosaceae, 10 species belonging to 7 genera of Compositae and 10 species belonging to 6 genera of Cyperaceae.

Protected objects

The main protected object of Dashanbao black necked Crane National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province is the subalpine swampy plateau meadow wet ecosystem where the black necked Crane overwinters. In addition, there are 7 species of national second-class protected animals, including crane, goshawk, kite, sparrow hawk, common bunting, white tailed harrier and spotted bunting. The protected animals in Yunnan Province include: leopard cat, spotted headed goose, little Greyhound, crested Greyhound, red mallard, cocked nosed duck, green winged duck, magpie duck, needle tailed duck, green headed duck, spotted billed Duck, etc.

Value status

Black necked Crane is a national first-class protected animal. It mainly breeds on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and winters on the Yunnan Guizhou Plateau. It is the only crane that breeds and winters on the plateau among the 15 species of cranes in the world. According to the experts in charge of wetland protection of Yunnan forestry department, a synchronous survey of black necked cranes conducted by Yunnan forestry department and International Crane Foundation (ICF) in 2002 showed that 930 black necked cranes wintered in Dashanbao Nature Reserve in 2002, and 1043 in 2003. Dashanbao has become the largest protected area of black necked cranes per unit area in China. Due to the annual migration along a fixed route, Dashanbao, which is mainly for wildlife protection, is also responsible for protecting the ecological environment of subalpine meadow and swampy meadow where black necked cranes live. Dashanbao nature reserve is rich in groundwater resources, and is also the birthplace of many tributaries of Jinsha River (Yangtze River). Previously, Guizhou Weining Caohai as another habitat for black necked Crane has established a national nature reserve. Dashanbao has been listed in the list of important wetlands in China's action plan for wetland protection. The State Forestry Administration has also listed Dashanbao as one of the important protected areas declared as international important wetlands by China in 2004.

The wintering habitats of black necked cranes in Yunnan are mainly wetlands and wetland meadows, but the area of wetland meadows is small in China. The nature reserves can effectively protect the black necked cranes and protect the subalpine wetland meadows in Yunnan Province from damage. The damaged wetland meadows in the past can be gradually restored and expanded through artificial restoration, and play a positive role in wetland restoration. Therefore, the effective protection of black necked Crane and its habitat wetland is of great significance to the protection of subalpine wetland and biodiversity.

Protection status

There are 16 nature reserves in Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province, including Dashanbao black necked Crane National Nature Reserve. Dashanbao is the birthplace of many rivers, belonging to the Jinsha River System in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. There are alpine swamps, meadows and reservoirs in the area. Alpine swamp is the main habitat of black necked Crane, and swamp meadow wetland is also typical and representative, and has been listed in the list of important protected wetlands in China. There are many wetland distribution points in Dashanbao nature reserve, and the concentrated wetlands with large area are mainly distributed in tiaodun River, Dahaizi, lelizhai, qinjiahaizi, yanmaidi reservoir and animal husbandry station, among which tiaodun River and Dahaizi have the largest area. The vegetation of Dashanbao nature reserve changes with the amount of soil water, but there is a lack of submerged vegetation and emergent vegetation in the existing wetland environment. The most famous animal resources in the reserve

Chinese PinYin : Da Shan Bao Hei Jing He Zi Ran Bao Hu Qu