Huang Xing

Huang Xing

Huang Xing

(October 25, 1874 - October 31, 1916), Han nationality, original name

A brief introduction

And then changed its name

Xing

, words

conquer the strong

It was once named Li Youqing, Zhang Shouzheng, Okamoto and today's village chief Zang. GAOTANG Township, Shanhua County, Changsha Prefecture, Hunan Province. He is the descendant of Huang Tingjian. He was one of the founders of the Republic of China and the first intimate friend of Dr. Sun Yat Sen.

Huang Xing was a pioneer and leader during the revolution of 1911. He was known as "Keqiang". At that time, he and Sun Yat Sen were often called "Sun Huang" together. On October 31, 1916, Huang Xing died in Shanghai. The coffin was moved to Changsha in 1917. On April 15 of the same year, it was honored by the elders of the Republic of China and was buried in Yuelu Mountain of Changsha, Hunan Province. His works include Mr. Huang Keqiang's complete works, Huang Xingji, unpublished manuscript of Huang Xing and Mr. Huang Keqiang's achievements in calligraphy.

Life of the characters

Study in early years

On October 25, 1874, Huang Xing was born in a landlord family in the suburb of Changsha. His father, Huang Xiaocun, was a scholar in the late Qing Dynasty and a descendant of Huang Tingjian from Fenning Shuangjing in the Northern Song Dynasty. Huang Xing's thoughts in his childhood were deeply influenced by Wang Fuzhi, a great Confucian in Hunan Province in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. In 1893, Huang Xing studied in Chengnan Academy of Changsha. Guangxu 22 years (1896), test scholar. In 1898, Huang Xing, a freshman of Xiangshui school in Changsha, was recommended to Lianghu Academy in Wuchang for further study. At that time, Lianghu Academy was a relatively new school. Besides classics, history and literature, there were also new subjects such as astronomy, geography, arithmetic, surveying, chemistry, natural history and military exercises. During his time in school, Huang Xing "devoted himself to learning, especially in geography and gymnastics.". In his spare time, he learned about the history of the Western revolution and Rousseau's on the covenant of the people and recited it all the time. He graduated from Wuhan Lianghu Academy in 1901.

In the spring of 1902, Zhang Zhidong, governor of Huguang, sent more than 30 students from the three academies of Lianghu, Jingxin and Jianghan to study in the accelerated Normal School of Hongwen college in Tokyo, Japan. Huang Xing, an outstanding graduate of Lianghu academy, became the only Hunan student among these students. In May 1902, Huang Xing arrived in Tokyo. After Huang Xing came to Japan, he was soon attracted by the bourgeois democratic revolutionary trend of thought which was booming in the world of overseas students. In December of the same year, he and Yang Dusheng, fan cone, Cai E, etc. founded the Journal of study tour translation, which focuses on translation, introduces the social and political theories and revolutionary history of the western bourgeoisie, and publicizes democratic revolution and national independence. In order to expand his influence, Huang Xing, together with Cai E, Zhang Xiaozhun and Yang Dusheng, organized the Hunan translation society at the end of the year, which was engaged in a large number of translation and introduction of western bourgeois science and culture. Huang Xing also supported the students from Hubei to set up "Hubei students circle", which exposed the conspiracy of imperialism to carve up China and publicized the nationalism of "paiman". He also led the Hunan students of Hongwen college to form a "Tuyao Association" to encourage them to fight against the enemy and "engage in the use of troops to destroy the status quo".

Huang Xing's thought of democratic revolution is very different from Sun Yat Sen, Song Jiaoren and others. Sun Yat Sen was educated from the West and enlightened by the bourgeois democratic revolutionary thought, and finally went on the revolutionary road from reform. After Song Jiaoren entered the new wuchangwen ordinary school from Zhangjiang Academy in 1903, he gradually went on the revolutionary road. Huang Xing, like many traditional Chinese intellectuals, took a tortuous road of rebellious talents. His thoughts also experienced a process from improvement to revolution. Huang Xing was born in a famous family in Changsha, Hunan Province. In the Qing Dynasty, Huang Xing's distant ancestors passed down a motto: never be an official in the Qing Dynasty. But most of the members are still learned. In such a family background, Huang Xing had systematically received traditional Confucian education in his early years. In 1896, when Huang Xing was studying in Chengnan academy, he successfully passed the county, government and college examinations and passed the examination. But Huang Xing himself was not enthusiastic about fame. At that time, before Huang Xing went to take the exam for a scholar, his relatives and friends wanted to buy wine to celebrate. Huang Xing immediately said that reading is to seek truth and knowledge, and taking the exam is just because his mother's destiny can't be violated. In this period, although Huang Xing had strong patriotic feelings and dissatisfaction with the imperial examination system, he was still a relatively traditional intellectual. He liked military affairs. After class, he invited Japanese officers to teach military courses. Every morning, he would practice riding and shooting, which prepared the conditions for leading the armed uprising in the future.

give up civilian pursuits to join the army

In 1903, in order to protest against the occupation of Northeast China by Tsarist Russia, Huang Xing and more than 200 students organized the anti Russian volunteer team (later changed to student army and military National Education Association). In the anti Russian movement, he saw clearly the corruption and reactionary of the Qing government, and pointed out with indignation: "the overall situation of China has reached the extreme. Only by carrying out revolution can we save the people in danger. " He returned to China in the same year. After returning to China, Huang Xing first went to Shanghai to meet with Zhang Shizhao, the main writer of Su Bao at that time, and met some people in Shanghai, Nanjing and other places. On November 4 of the same year, in the name of celebrating his 30th birthday, Huang Xing invited Chen Tianhua, Zhang Ji, Liu Kuiyi, Song Jiaoren, Zhang Shizhao and others to hold a secret meeting and agreed to establish the Huaxing Association, and Huang Xing was publicly elected president. In order to avoid the attention of the Qing government, the name of "Huaxing company" was used externally, and its business was to "set up mining industry". Later, she contacted the party and decided to revolt in Changsha on Cixi's 70th birthday in the autumn of the next year. Huang Xing fled to Japan. In 1905, Huang Xing met Sun Yat sen in Japan and strongly supported sun to form the revolutionary organization alliance, becoming the leader next only to sun. Later, he focused on developing revolutionaries and organizing armed uprisings.

In August 1905, the Chinese League was founded. When electing the premier, Huang Xing proposed that "Dr. Sun Yat Sen should be elected as the party's premier without going through the election procedures." The proposal was adopted unanimously. Huang Xing also proposed that the twentieth Century magazine as the League organ * * (later renamed the "Min Bao") was approved by the participants. Huang Xing was elected as the general affairs (equivalent to assistant), and became an important leader of the alliance after Sun Yat Sen. Huang Xing played an important role in building the alliance with Sun Yat Sen. it can be said that the alliance was established with Sun Yat Sen and Huang Xing as the axis. The establishment of the alliance strengthened the unity and unity of the revolutionary forces and brought the Chinese bourgeois democratic revolution into a new stage. After that, he devoted his main energy to the armed uprising, personally mastered the work of joining the association of army students studying in Japan, and selected some determined elements from it to form a tight group "husband group" to prepare for the armed struggle. In the winter of the same year, Huang Xing, disguised as Zhang Shouzheng, sneaked back to China and went to Guilin patrol camp in Guangxi to lead Guo Renzhang's army to carry out counter insurgency and develop many officials to participate in the alliance. Huang Xing returned to Japan in the autumn of the next year because of the hesitation of Guo and Zhang. That is to say, Liu Daoyi and CAI shaonan were sent back to China to campaign the army and the party and plan the uprising. Before he left, he called for the national revolution rather than the heroic revolution in ancient times. It is advisable to be guided by nationalism and nationalism. The purpose of revolution is not to overthrow the Qing Dynasty, but to establish the Republic of China and fight for civil rights. The "nationalism" here refers to Sun Yat Sen's civil rights doctrine. After Liu Daoyi arrived in Changsha, he invited dozens of revolutionary comrades to hold a secret meeting to convey Huang Xing's opinions. After the meeting, Liu Daoyi stayed in Changsha to grasp the overall situation, while Cai shaonan and others went to Pingxiang to contact the party. On December 4, the Ping Liu Li uprising broke out. In the declaration issued by the rebels, the banner of "the Republic of China" was put forward for the first time. Although the uprising failed, it had a positive impact.

In 1907, Huang Xing went to Hanoi and successively took part in or directed the uprising of Qinzhou and Fangcheng, zhennanguan, Qinzhou, Lianzhou and Shangsi, and the uprising of Hekou in Yunnan.

The more frustrated, the braver

In the autumn of the first year of Xuantong (1909), appointed by Sun Yat Sen, he went to Hong Kong to set up the southern branch of the alliance and planned the Guangzhou new army uprising. On November 13, 1910, Huang Xing went to Penang to attend a secret meeting held by Sun Yat Sen and decided to organize the Guangzhou Uprising. On January 18, 1911, Huang Xing returned to Hong Kong and presided over the preparations for the Guangzhou Uprising. It was agreed to set up a coordination department with Huang Xing as minister and Zhao Sheng as vice minister. On April 23, Huang Xingzhi wrote his last letter to Dr. Sun Yat Sen and Comrade Nanyang, saying: "today, I will go to the front and swear to take the lead and try my best to kill the thief. This book is the last one. " On the evening of that day, Hong Kong sneaked into Guangzhou by ship and set up the uprising headquarters at No. 5, xiaodongying, Yuehua street. After several twists and turns, the uprising was rescheduled again and again, and the original deployment was disrupted. So the attack plan was changed from the original ten routes to four routes. He himself served as the commander of attacking the governor's office of Guangdong and Guangxi. At 5:30 p.m. on April 27, the Guangzhou Uprising broke out. Huang Xing led more than 100 death squads, such as Lin Juemin and Fang Shengdong, to attack the governor's office. No action was taken on the other three routes. After entering the governor's Yamen, he found that governor Zhang Mingqi had fled, so he set fire to the governor's Yamen. When the rebels withdrew, they were blocked by the patrol camp, many revolutionaries died, and Huang Xing's two fingers were broken. But he held back the pain and continued to shoot with the second trigger of his severed finger. Seeing that the Qing army was gradually encircling, Huang Xingsui ordered to break through the encirclement in three ways. He led the way to fight bravely. In the process of breaking through, the team broke up

Chinese PinYin : Huang Xing