high Qing official
high Qing official
Yuan Shikai (1859-1916) was a famous statesman, militarist and leader of the Northern Warlords in modern Chinese history. The name Weiting (also known as Weiting) is the owner of Rong'an and Xixin Pavilion. The Han nationality is from Xiangcheng, Henan Province, so it is called "Yuan Xiangcheng".
Yuan Shikai made his fortune in Korea in his early years and trained the new army in Tianjin station after returning to China. During the New Deal period in the late Qing Dynasty, the modernization reform was actively promoted. During the revolution of 1911, Puyi was forced to abdicate, overthrow the Qing Dynasty in a peaceful way, and became the provisional president of the Republic of China. In 1913, he suppressed the second revolution and was elected as the first president of the Republic of China in the same year. In 1914, he promulgated the constitution of the Republic of China. In December 1915, he announced that he called himself Emperor and changed the name of the country to Empire of China. He established yuan Hongxian, which is known as "Hongxian monarchy". Yuan Shikai had to announce the abolition of monarchy after 83 days as emperor. He died of uremia on June 6, 1916 and was buried in Anyang, Henan Province.
Yuan Shikai's merits and demerits have their own comments. Some people say that he is a "lone thief" and "thief of the country". Others think that he is a real reformer who has contributed to China's modernization. In short, Yuan Shikai is one of the most controversial figures in modern Chinese history.
Life of the characters
Youth
Yuan Shikai was born in a big family in Xiangcheng County, Henan Province. His uncle yuan jiasanguan went to the Governor General of water transport and participated in the suppression of the Taiping Army and Nien army, which was the pillar of the family. His father, Yuan Baozhong, donated a Tongzhi official position to the landlords and gentry in Xiangcheng County. Yuan Shikai is the fourth son of Yuan Baozhong. His biological mother is Liu, Yuan Baozhong's concubine. He was born on September 16, 1859 (August 20, the ninth year of Xianfeng, Emperor Wenzong of the Qing Dynasty) in Yuan Zhangying, north of Xiangcheng County, Chenzhou Prefecture, Henan Province. On the day of Yuan Shikai's birth, Yuan Jiasan just sent a letter home, saying that he had won the battle with the Nian Army. Yuan Shikai's father Yuan Baozhong was overjoyed, so he named the newborn baby "Kai", and named the baby "Shikai" according to the family ranking of "baoshike family, qiwenshaowu". Yuan Shikai was raised by his aunt Niu (the wife of Yuan Baoqing). He also adopted yuan Baoqing as the heir in 1864. When Yuan Shikai was six years old, his adoptive father Yuan Baoqing found an enlightening teacher for him, Yuan Zhizhong, to teach four books and five classics. Later, he traveled with Yuan Baoqing to Jinan, Yangzhou and Nanjing. In Nanjing, Yuan Shikai studied martial arts under Qu Zao, and "enjoyed touring mountains and rivers, recovering riding and shooting skills, and riding horses to the scenic spots of Qingliang mountain, Mochou Lake and Taiping Lake in his spare time". Since childhood, Yuan Shikai loved the art of war and was determined to learn "ten thousand enemies". I said that "the three armed forces can't take over the commander. If I can master 100000 excellent soldiers in my hand, I will be able to dominate the world." He often spent a lot of money to buy various versions of military tactics, which was ridiculed as "yuan shudai". When he was 13 years old, Yuan Shikai once made a couplet of "the great wild dragon is just stinging, and the Central Plains deer is just fattening.". These few figures fully reflect Yuan Shikai's ambition.
In the summer of 1873, Yuan Baoqing died in Nanjing and took up his post. Yuan Shikai helped the coffin to return home for burial, and later lived in Huaiyang County, Chenzhou Prefecture. At the beginning of 1874, seeing that Yuan Shikai was idle from his uncle yuan Baoheng (the third son of Yuan Jia), he ordered him to study in Beijing. From the 13th year of Tongzhi to the 3rd year of Guangxu, he studied seriously in Beijing for four years and made great progress. Yuan Baoheng and Yuan Baoling were strict in their control. Yuan Shikai was also self-motivated and supervised by strict teachers. He made great progress in the past few years. At the end of the year, Yuan Baoling wrote to Bao Heng, saying: Shikai can be created. Although "the article is not yet at the beginning of the book", it has already "become a Chinese and American material". In the autumn of 1876, Yuan Baoheng brothers ordered Yuan Shikai to return to Henan to take the imperial examination, but he failed. After failing in the list, Yuan Shikai married a woman surnamed Shen Qiu in October of the same year at the age of 17. In the early spring of the next year, he returned to Beijing. When the drought hit North China University, Yuan Baoheng was ordered to go to Kaifeng to help with the relief work, and took Yuan Shikai with him. During the relief period, Yuan Shikai showed great ability, enthusiasm and excellent performance. In 1878, Yuan Baoheng died of the plague. Yuan Shikai returned to Xiangcheng and moved to Chenzhou. At this time, Xu Shichang, who was teaching in Chenzhou, made friends with Yuan Shikai and became Jin Lan. Later, he became an important counselor of Yuan Shikai's life. In 1879, Yuan Shikai won the official title of "Zhongshu branch Zhongshu" with Yuan Baoheng's donation. In the autumn of the same year, Yuan Shikai took part in the local examination again, but he still failed in the examination. In a rage, he burned his poems and essays. He said angrily, "my husband should serve the battlefield, make peace at home and fight against the outside world. Wu Neng has been trapped in the pen and inkstone for a long time, and he has missed his time."
Yuan Shikai was not only famous twice, but also unwilling to stay in the countryside as a local rich man, so he began to think about going abroad. At that time, Yuan Shikai wrote a poem "sentiment" to encourage himself: "in front of the dragon and tiger can not fight, the murderous spirit straight up to the sky. I want to open my mouth to heaven and swallow up Hu Tianjiao. " This poem is considered to be his great ambition in his youth. At that time, Wu Changqing, a general of the Huai army, and Yuan Baoqing, Yuan Shikai's adoptive father, made a pact with their brothers, so Yuan Shikai planned to go to Wu Changqing. In order to repay yuan Baoqing's kindness, Wu Changqing also wrote to Yuan Shikai at this time, "inviting him to study in the military.". Therefore, Yuan Shikai went to Dengzhou, Shandong Province in October 1881 to join Wu Changqing. Wu Changqing's shogunate included Zhang Jian, Zhou Jialu and other famous people. Under their guidance, Yuan Shikai honed and honed, and his dandy spirit gradually disappeared. He was "modest and self-restraint, quite aware of learning", and thought that he was a "creative person", so he was appointed as the assistant camp office. Although Yuan Shikai was once tired of the imperial examination, he was still unwilling to continue to study in the Wu Changqing shogunate and prepare for fame. In March 1882, he wrote a letter to his third brother yuan Shilian, saying, "my younger brother can't get a scholar and die in peace." 1882 (Renwu year) was just the year of the rural examination. Yuan Shikai wanted to take the examination, but the incident in Korea, a tributary of the Qing Dynasty, changed Yuan Shikai's life path.
Governor of Korea
In 1882, the Renwu military rebellion happened in North Korea. The father of King Li Xi (Korean Emperor Gaozong) of North Korea, xingxuan dayuanjun, Li Shikai, took advantage of the military mutiny and successfully seized power. The Party of Princess min of North Korea had a gap with dayuanjun and asked the Qing government to send troops to pacify the rebellion. Yuan Shikai followed Wu Changqing's troops to Korea. Yuan Shikai led a Qing army to cooperate with the operation and killed dozens of mutiny participants. In the battle, Yuan Shikai shot all the way and took the lead in the front. His perseverance and bravery infected his subordinates, and the mutiny was soon pacified. In his report to the Qing government, Wu Changqing praised him, saying that he "managed the army seriously, had a good command of the troops, and was particularly brave in fighting for the first place.". Yuan Shikai, 23, was stationed in the vassal state of North Korea as an assistant in the military affairs of North Korea. He helped North Korea train its new army, which started Yuan Shikai's military training. During his stay in North Korea, Yuan Shikai was highly praised by the people of North Korea. The people of North Korea praised him as "Mingda Sucheng, the capital (Seoul) and the people of the capital". He also made intimate friends with many Korean literati such as Jin Yunzhi and Jin Bingshi.
In 1884, Jin Yujun and other "Kaihua party" personages launched the Jiashen coup in an attempt to overthrow the regime controlled by the "Shida party", and the Japanese army in Korea also took the opportunity to seize the royal family. Yuan Shikai commanded the Qing army to repel the Japanese army, maintaining the Qing Dynasty's suzerainty and other privileges in Korea. It is of great significance for Yuan Shikai to pacify the coup d'etat of Jiashen in North Korea, defeat Japan's infiltration forces, smash Japan's attempt to seek North Korea at the time of the Sino French war, and delay the outbreak of the Sino Japanese war. Because of this incident, Yuan Shikai was highly valued by Li Hongzhang, governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang in the Qing Dynasty. At the same time, it also made the Japanese "regret Yuan Shikai to the bone and try every means to get rid of him". His colleagues Wu ZHAOYOU and others were also quite jealous and attacked Yuan Shikai for "recklessly opening border quarrels" and "illegally diverting military funds". Yuan Shikai returned to China in early 1885 and was laid off at home to avoid attack. However, Li Hongzhang decided to reuse Yuan Shikai and ordered him to escort Yuan Shikai back to Korea in October 1885. In November of the same year, he appointed Yuan Shikai as the "prime minister stationed in Korea to negotiate trade matters", a member of the third grade Taoist school, who controlled the political situation in Korea, just like the supreme emperor of Korea. During his stay in Korea, Yuan Shikai's task was to make Korea "respect their relatives, set their mind to shake off doubts, cultivate internal politics, and establish diplomatic relations with foreign countries" under the circumstances of "trade between all countries" and "friendly countries", in other words, to strengthen the suzerain vassal relationship between the Qing Dynasty and Korea, and to prevent Korea from leaning towards independence, Japan, Russia and other countries. As a result, Yuan Shikai inevitably interfered in North Korea's internal affairs, and even more than once planned to depose the Korean king Li Xi. Yuan Shikai's interference in North Korea's internal affairs caused the dissatisfaction of the king and some ministers of North Korea, and he was impeached in the Qing court. For example, in January 1888, the Korean king Li Xi sent a letter to request the Qing government to withdraw Yuan Shikai, and then the Korean official in China Jin Minggui asked Li Hongzhang to replace him. Zhang Jian and Zhang Peilun in the Qing Dynasty also attacked Yuan Shikai for "being extravagant and arrogant, arrogant and arrogant, and staying in Korea for a long time is not beneficial to the overall situation". Li Hongzhang not only let Yuan Shikai continue to stay in Korea, but also wrote a comment to Yuan Shikai in February 1890: "blood loyalty, talent and wisdom, holding the overall situation, only for its difficulties". During his 12 years in Korea, Yuan Shikai took some drastic and rude measures because of his youth, but he effectively restrained the infiltration of Japan and tsarist Russia into Korea.
In 1894, the East learning party uprising broke out in North Korea. Yuan Shikai suggested that the North Korean government asked the Qing government for help. Then the Japanese troops quickly dispatched to Korea in an attempt to start a war. On July 19, the eve of the Sino Japanese War, Yuan Shikai fled disguised as a civilian and arrived in Tianjin on July 22. After returning to China, Yuan Shikai was ordered to go to Liaodong front on August 6 to help
Chinese PinYin : Yuan Shi Kai
