Zhang Zhiwan

Zhang Zhiwan

Zhang Zhiwan (1811-1897), Ziqing, luanpo, was born in Nanpi, Zhili (now Shuangmiao village, liubali Township, Nanpi County, Cangzhou City, Hebei Province), and Zhang Zhidong's cousin. Minister of late Qing Dynasty, a famous calligrapher and painter. He is the senior of Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi and Guangxu in Qing Dynasty.

Daoguang 27 years (1847) in the first Jinshi (Champion). Guangxu two years (1876), he served as governor of Henan, moved to supervise water transport, successively served as governor of Jiangsu, governor of Fujian and Zhejiang. Guangxu eight years (1882), served as the Ministry of military affairs, after the Ministry of justice. Guangxu ten years (1884), to the military aircraft department, part-time Minister of the Ministry of officials. He was promoted to associate degree of Tu, Ti Ren Ge and Dong Ge. Guangxu 22nd year (1896), because of old age to leave home. Guangxu 23 years (1897), died at the age of 87, presented to the Taibao, posthumous Wenda, into the Xianliang temple.

(source: Zhejiang Library's image of Chinese celebrities)

Life of the characters

Early experience

In 1811, Zhang Zhiwan was born in Nanpi, Hebei Province. In 1814, 4-year-old Zhang Zhiwan began to study. In 1828, he entered the county to study as a scholar. Every year in 1837, he was selected as the governor of Gongcheng. In the 19th year of Daoguang (1839), he was sent to the Zhejiang Department of the Ministry of criminal justice to study and walk. In the 20th year of Daoguang (1840), he was elected in the provincial examination and still worked in the Ministry of punishment.

A new official career

In the 27th year of Daoguang (1847), Zhang Zhiwan entered Beijing for the imperial examination and palace examination. He was the first champion of the middle Jinshi (the "golden list" of the middle Jinshi was hidden in the Palace Museum in Taipei), and was taught to write by the Imperial Academy. In 1849, he was appointed Deputy examiner of Hubei Province. in the first year of Xianfeng (1851), he was appointed the official examiner of Henan Province. In August of 1852, he became a political scholar in Henan Province. He was promoted from an official to a cabinet bachelor. In the 27th year of Daoguang reign (1847), he took the first place in the first class and was awarded the Imperial Academy to write.

The battle of Jinghai

In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), Lin Fengxiang and Yang Kaifang led the Taiping army to attack Henan, break through guide and suixian, and advance to Kaifeng, the provincial capital. Zhang Zhiwan requested to transfer the troops of Zhili, Shandong, Shaanxi and Anhui provinces to suppress and personally took the lead in donating military salaries, which hindered the northern expedition of the Taiping army. In 1854, the Taiping army attacked Zhili, liankejiaohe, Nanpi, Cangzhou, Qingxian, Jinghai and other places. The vanguard approached Tianjin and defeated nale in Linmingguan. Zhang Zhiwan requested to besiege the Northern Expedition troops of the Taiping Army in Jinghai and Duliu. The Northern Expedition troops ran out of ammunition and food, but without reinforcements, they broke through and went south. Zhang Zhiwan was awarded for his meritorious service.

Supervise the League training

In the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), he was transferred to Beijing as an official of daily life, and was recommended by Aixinjueluo Yichen to study. In the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858), Professor Aixinjueluo Yiyi and Aixinjueluo Yichen studied. In the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859), he was granted the assistant reading of the Imperial Academy and served as the examiner of the joint examination. In July, when the British and French allied forces attacked Dagukou, Zhang Zhiwan was ordered to supervise the regiment training with military aircraft minister Jiao Huying and imperial censor Chen Hongyi. Zhang Zhiwan employed Zhang Keming and Huang Sihai as his military officers. Xianfeng ten years (1860), as the same examiner.

Pacify the Nien Army

In July 1861, Emperor Xianfeng died and Tongzhi succeeded him. Before his death, Xianfeng left eight assistant ministers for Tongzhi to take charge of the government. Dissatisfied with Cixi, Zhang Zhiwan took part in the Xinyou coup, and the eight assistant ministers were eliminated. After that, Zhang Zhiwan was put in high position by Cixi, and was promoted to the cabinet bachelor's degree. In the first year of tongzhi (1862), he was promoted to the right Minister of the Ministry of rites and the left Minister of the Ministry of works. In March, Fengzhao and Xu Pengshou, the Minister of Taichang temple, compiled Zhiping Baojian. The success of the book has won the favor and appreciation of Cixi, and many treasures have been appreciated. In September, the imperial censor Liu Yunan impeached Ren GUI, the magistrate of Luoyang in Henan Province, who was good at killing Li Shusheng. His deputy general Yang Feixiong was good at killing Li Zhan in Lushan County of Ruzhou. The court ordered Zhang Zhiwan to inspect. After Zhang Zhiwan arrived in Henan Province, he made a detailed survey of the relevant personnel and returned to the court to perform the actual performance. The Qing government decreed that governor Zheng Yuanshan, magistrate Ren GUI and Deputy General Yang Feixiong were demoted and dismissed. In November, Zhang Zhiwan conferred the title of governor of Henan Province. Before long, he went to Shanghai several times and advocated to reform the local tax system, which won the trust of the Qing government. At that time, the Nien army Zhang lexing broke through the north and south of the vortex River, and the righteous people rose. Zhang asked the Qing emperor to dispatch Zhang Rumei, a military inspector, and Yuan Baozhuang, a Taoist priest (Yuan Shikai's successor father), who were in charge of Henan military affairs. Zhang Yao was promoted to be the commander-in-chief, and 900 members of Yuan Jia's three old divisions were changed to be pro army. At this time, Zhang lehang led Nien to attack Wohe. Farmers in Linzhang and Neihuang responded one after another. Zhang Zhiwan sent his chief soldiers Li Shiyu, Yang Yuchun and Yu Jichang to lead the suppression. Miao Peilin, the swing Youth League coach, was restrained. In December, Zhang Zhiwan was in Ruzhou to supervise the division. He used his strength to hold down Chen Daxi's attack and ordered Zhang Yao and Yu Jichang to attack Zhang Feng Dance Department of Nien army. Zhang Fengwu was defeated and killed. In the second year of tongzhi (1863), Zhang Yao attacked Chen Daxi's troops and was unable to win. Zhang Zhiwan was removed to the post of commander in chief by Zhang zhiwange. Li Shiyu, commander in chief, was disadvantageous to the Nien army and was punished by removing the top guard. Zhang Zhiwan sent Yu Jichang and Zhao Hongju to encircle the Nien army in an attempt to cut off the southwest connection. The troops of the three provinces of the East were asked to assist in purchasing horses and equipment to enrich the cavalry. In February, Chen Daxi occupied the Yangzhai village and held back the Qing army. Zhang zhiwanfei called Yu Jichang to attack the Nien army in tufuqiao; Chen Luxing and Zhao Hongju, the chief soldiers, attacked the Nien army in Zhanggang. In April, Miao Peilin rebelled against the Qing Dynasty. After the earthquake in Henan and Anhui, the rebel army set up an ambush in Fangzhai, annihilated Yu Jichang's troops, and Yu also died. Zhang Zhiwan then transferred Zhang Yao to Zhanggang, where he and the Qing army sent by the regiment training minister Mao Changxi attacked in all directions. After months of fierce fighting, the Nian Army in Runan was defeated. After the defeat of Zhang Gang's Nien army, Zhang Zhiwan stationed troops in Xuzhou to control the Qing army in Henan Province. In August, the Maozhou uprising army attacked Xuzhou, broke Dazhuang and Baobao villages, and took Kaifeng. Kaifeng magistrate Tang pinzhen and his army guard the city, Zhang Yao first aid, keep Kaifeng. Zhang Zhiwan was demoted to a second rank because of his failure in command. In October, the Nian Army, LAN Dashun, moved from Shanyang and Shangzhou to Xiping and joined Zhang Zongyu. Xiping was an important place for the transfer of duolong'a camp of the Qing army. The Qing government ordered Zhang Zhiwan to take strict precautions. Zhang Zhiwan sent Xiangyong to attack with Zhang Yao, defeated Zhang Zongyu in chongyangdian, took the opportunity to attack Xiping, and LAN Dashun was defeated. In December, Zhang Zhiwan took charge of Luozhou and suppressed the Nien army of Anhui and Chu. In the third year of Tongzhi reign (1864), Zhang Zhiwan, with the help of his horse team and Zhang Yao's Department, broke through Baitugang first, and ordered Wu Zaisheng, the chief of the army, to surround him on three sides, leaving one side for Nanzhao. He deliberately exposed his weakness and induced Zhang Zongyu to fight. He was killed by sukejin's horse team and planned to annihilate the Nian Army at one stroke. Due to the heavy snow, the action was delayed. Zhang Zhiwan transferred Song Qing from Anhui to Henan, ordered Wang Wenxing to attack Huangmei village, Wu Yuanbing, fan Wenmei and Su Kejin to attack Nanzhao, and ergushan and Song Qing occupied Shiqiao Town. Zhang Zongyu broke through the encirclement of Qing army in beihekou and arrived at qiaotan. Zhang Zhiwan led all the Qing troops to pursue him, and ordered Song Qing to cut off the route of joining Nien army and Taiping army. Zhang Zhiwan moved to Nanyang and killed Zhao Guoliang, the leader of Nien army. In the first month of 1865, the Nien army attacked Kaifeng, and Zhang Zhiwan led his troops to help from Xiangyang. In March, Zhang Zongyu led his army to attack Caozhou, and Zhang Zhiwan ordered Zhang Yao to suppress him. In April, Zhang Zhiwan was transferred to act as governor of Hedong (east of Huaihe River). In May, the Nien army set up an ambush in gaolouzhai, Caozhou, annihilated the monks and killed Seng greenqin. Zhang Zhiwan was demoted to the second rank and was dismissed from his post because of the disadvantage of "supervision and suppression". In August, Wu Changshou, the new governor of Henan Province, led the troops to Xuzhou. The provincial capital was empty, and the Nien army marched into Kaifeng. Zhang Zhiwan sent the Qing army to defend yaozhai and prevent the volunteers from crossing the river. In September, the reward was given to the governor of the river. In the fifth year of tongzhi (1866), he was transferred to be the governor of water transport in August, because Lixiahe (commonly known to the east of Jiangbei canal in Jiangsu Province) was the important place of Jianghuai finance and tax, and Qinghuai area was the gateway of Lixiahe. Hongze Lake, Chengzi River and Liutang River (east of Suqian county and north of Siyang County in Jiangsu Province) are all important places of the Qing Huai River. Zhang Zhiwan dispatched heavy troops to fortify, and dispatched more than 3000 foreign spear troops of the Xiang army to assist the Qing Huai artillery ships. In December, the East twist uprising army broke through the Liutang River and occupied both sides of the Salt River, preparing to join the West twist. Yao Guangwu and Zhang Conglong, the chief soldiers of Zhang zhiwanxi, cooperated with the army on land and water to attack the rebel army of dongnian. Lai Wenguang was captured. The eastern Nien army was completely destroyed. In 1867, Zhang Zhiwan, who had made great contributions to the suppression of the Nien army, admired his head and wore a flower plume. In April of the seventh year of tongzhi (1868), Zhang Zhiwan went to Taierzhuang to fight against Xi Nian. In August, West twist was defeated.

Governor of Jiangsu Province

In October of 1870, Zhang Zhiwan was transferred to the governor of Jiangsu Province by the Ministry of officials. In winter, Zhang Zhiwan and his family set out to Suzhou to serve as the governor of Jiangsu Province. He took the Humble Administrator's garden as his office and lived with his family. On December 27, Gu Wenbin returned from the capital to Suzhou to meet Zhang Zhiwan. For some reason, he didn't see him. On the ninth day of the first month of the tenth year of tongzhi (1871), tangdejingshan, the weaving department of Suzhou, hosted a banquet for 14 people including Zhang Zhiwan and Gu Wenbin at Huguang guild hall. On the 19th, Zhang Zhiwan invited Gu Wenbin and other colleagues back. On the 7th of September, Zhang Zhiwan was appointed governor of Fujian and Zhejiang by the imperial court. In October, as he was over seventy, I asked him to come back to support my relatives. In winter, Zhang Zhiwan didn't leave Suzhou after taking care of him. He and his younger brother Zhang Zijing lived in Zhuozheng garden to receive visitors. After Zhang Zhiwan's management and repair, Zhuozheng garden gradually regained its old view.. In the first month of 1872, Zhang Zhiwan changed the Humble Administrator's garden into "Eight Banners"

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Zhi Wan